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城市果蔬垃圾处理现状及再利用对策

2017-05-30张军文沈建

安徽农业科学 2017年36期

张军文 沈建

摘要介绍了果蔬垃圾的特性,阐述了城市果蔬垃圾的处理方式,包括焚烧、好氧堆肥、卫生填埋、厌氧消化、固体发酵、生产饲料蛋白。鉴于几种果蔬垃圾处理方式的优点和不足,单一的堆肥化处理、厌氧发酵或固体发酵生产饲料蛋白处理不符合城市果蔬垃圾处理需要的现实情况,设计了一套以厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥和固体发酵生产饲料蛋白技术处理果蔬垃圾系统,该系统在实际使用过程中对果蔬垃圾减量化等作用显著。

关键词果蔬垃圾;资源化;减量化;蛋白饲料

中图分类号X705文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611(2017)36-0041-03

AbstractThe characteristics of fruits and vegetables garbage were introduced.The treatment methods of urban fruits and vegetables garbage were described,including incineration, aerobic composting, sanitary landfill, anaerobic digestion, solid fermentation production of feed protein. In view of advantages and disadvantages of some fruit and vegetable waste disposal methods,single composting treatment,anaerobic fermentation and solid fermentation production of feed protein processing did not accord with the reality of city garbage disposal to fruits and vegetables, feeding protein production technology of fruit and vegetable waste treatment system by anaerobic fermentation and aerobic composting and solid fermentation were introduced. The system has a significant effect on reducing fruits and vegetables waste in practical use.

Key wordsFruit and vegetable garbage;Resource;Reduction;Protein feed

近年來,随着农村产业结构的不断优化和调整,我国果蔬产业发展迅速,果蔬作物的种植在农业中所占比例也逐年扩大。2007年全国蔬菜播种面积占农作物总播种面积的11.3%,达1.73亿hm2,总产量约5.65亿t,人均占有量420余kg[1]。据联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计,2007年我国蔬菜播种面积和产量分别占世界的43%、49%,均居世界第一[2]。2013年全国果园面积为1 280万hm2,同比增长4.1%,产量为1.50亿t,同比增长3.7%[3]。果蔬加工中会产生很多副产物,果蔬产量的庞大也就决定了加工副产物的增多[3]。据统计,我国每年有1亿余t的水果和蔬菜废弃物被丢弃[4]。这种状况每年都会继续恶化,废弃的果蔬垃圾均未得到很好的利用就被直接随意丢弃或者填埋,给人们的生活环境带来了风险[5]。因此,应对果蔬垃圾的处理方式引起足够的重视。国外发达国家城市果蔬垃圾收集、运输和处理技术经过多年的发展和沉淀,已经走向成熟阶段。……

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