张博 王旭东 郭青林 裴强强 杨善龙 李凤洁

内容摘要：土坯砌补与夯补支顶是西北干旱环境下加固土遗址悬空区常用的两种技术措施，对于夯筑类土遗址而言，夯补相较于砌补有明显的优势，既能保持遗址本体的原有工艺，避免土坯砌补表面处理层脱落露出砌补层影响观感，同时夯补体本身具有较强的稳定性和较强的抗风蚀、雨蚀能力。但是不同遗址夯土的建筑工艺、土的物理力学性质不同，施工过程中夯补质量无法准确控制。本文针对西夏陵遗址本体根部夯筑砌补，采用与原遗址相近的当地土，以固定质量夯锤为夯筑工具、并以传统人工夯实方法进行夯筑，分析研究夯土密度随铺土厚度和夯筑次数的变化规律，探索最佳铺土厚度和夯筑次数。试验结果表明，当使用2kg夯锤进行夯筑时，铺土厚度为12cm，垂直夯筑4次，即可得到密度较大且密度均匀的最佳夯筑效果。

关键词：土遗址；夯筑；干密度；密度差

中图分类号：K854.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2016）05-0135-07

Abstract： There are two construction techniques frequently used in reinforcing unsupported regions of earthen structures in arid areas of northwest China： using adobe brick as a masonry complement， and filling the unsupported wall with rammed earth. For archaeological sites made of rammed earth， using soil to fill the top of a structure is better than using adobe brick because this technique is adopted from the original technology of the region and does not affect the physical appearance of the building. In addition， the rammed earth itself has strong stability and resistance to erosion caused by wind and rain. However， the quality of rammed earth cannot be controlled in the construction process precisely due to the different building techniques of the sites and the different physical and mechanical properties of the soil. Focusing on the reinforcement of the foot of a wall of a Western Xia imperial tomb with rammed earth， this study utilizes local soil with the same properties of that used at the time， a pounding tool of fixed mass， and the traditional process of ramming the earth， followed by an analysis of the relationship between the density of the rammed earth and the soil thickness and strike count during pounding to determine the best soil thickness and strike count. The tests indicate that when a pounding tool of two kilos is used， optimal ramming effect can be obtained if the soil is paved twelve centimeters thick and rammed vertically four times.

Keywords： earthen site； ramming； dry density； density difference

1 引 言

夯土技术最早主要起源于中国和地中海两个地区，随后被广泛传播到世界各地[1]。作为夯土技术发源地，中国拥有大量的夯土遗址，这些遗址是我国悠久历史、灿烂文化的载体，是一类很重要的文物资源[2]。由于西北地区干旱的自然环境，大量的土遗址得以在西北保存下来[3]，例如新疆的交河故城、高昌故城，甘肃锁阳城、玉门关和河仓城，宁夏西夏王陵等。但受自然因素和人为因素的影响，这些珍贵的文化遗产保存现状并不乐观，大批土建筑遗址都已遭到不同程度的破坏[4]。……