秘力军

摘 要：关系代词which，as，what在非限制性定语从句中被广泛使用，弄懂它们在句中修饰的是什么；它们引导的从句与主句的各种关系以及它们本身在句中的位置和从句中的作用，对正确理解和翻译原句起至关重要的作用

关键词：which；as；what；d非限制性定语从句；用法；辨析

一、由which引导的非限制性定语从句，which除了代表名词或名词短语外，还常可代表前面的形容词，主句的请语部分或整个分句或主句，甚至前面的一系列的句子；也可在从句中作定语，修饰名词或相当名词的其他东西.

which本身无任何含义，仅作代词，例如：

（1）He is rich，which I am not.

（1）句中which代表前面的形容词rich。

（2）They say he plays truant，which he doesnt.

（2）句中which代表主句中的谓语动词。

（3）Things then improved，which surprised me.

（4）Tom married my sister and I married his brother，which makes Tom and me double in-laws.

（3）句中which的先行词是一个句子，（4）中which的则是两个相连的句子。

（5）...，which is how the kangaroo came to have a pouch. which指前面省去了的整个故事。

有时，which引出的非限制性定语，which本身在从句中作定语，如：

（6）I called him by the wrong name，for which mistake I apologized.

which所引導的从句常置于句末，偶尔也有放在被修饰的句子之前的，如：

Moreover，which you may hardly believe，the examiners had decided in advance to fail half of the candidates.

二、由as单独引导的非限制性的定语从句位置灵活，置于句首、句中、句末均可，含插人语性质，除修饰主句外，尚含强调意味，相当于which fact.

（1） As you know，Tommy is the tallest in his school.

（2） To shut your eyes to facts，as many of you do，is foolish.

（3） There will be a meeting this evening，as the teacher had told you.

（1）（2）（3）旬中，as在从句中充当宾语，as引导这样的从句常见的还有：as you may remember，as l can see，as I have said，as Im told，as we agreed，as you suggest 等。

as的先行词的情况颇为复杂，大致可归纳为四种情况：

1.代表相关句子的整个概念，如：

（1） As had been said before，grammar is not a set of dead rules.

（2） As was too often the case，he arrived later than the appointed time.

2.代表相关句子中的一种行为（多为不定式短语），如：

（3） It is wrong to think English learning useless，as quite a few persons did before.

（4） To write a dull novel，as any poor writer could do，was unworthy of you.

3.代表相关句子中的一个形容词，如：

（5） She was not ill，as some of her classmates were.

（6） Tom thought Marys reply correct，as it probably was.

4.代表相关句子中的名词或名词词组，如：

（7） He seems an Englishman，as in fact he is.

（8） Mary wishes to be a TV star，as it is quite possible for her to be.

三、what引导的从句多居句中，也含插人语性质。如：

She wore，what was very uncommon in the country， a scarlet coat.

He happened to be at home and，what was rarer，disengaged.

Its a useful book and，what is more，not an expensive one.

若将as和what引导的从句作比较，就能发现as从句强调的是主句所述是一个众所周知的事实或一件意料之中的事；反之，what从句却用以表达对主句所述的意外惊奇和始料不及。

参考文献：

[1]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京：商务印书馆，1979.

[2]夸克等.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]，1985.

[3]现代高级英汉双解词典[M].牛津大学出版社，1970.

[4]高等教育出版社.教材编写组.《新编实用英语》综合教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2014.

（作者单位：湖南劳动人事职业学院）