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中国养老金替代率发展分析

2016-03-31朱瑞敏

湖南工业职业技术学院学报 2016年1期

朱瑞敏

(山东大学,山东济南,250100)



中国养老金替代率发展分析

朱瑞敏

(山东大学,山东济南,250100)

[摘要]养老金替代率是整个社会养老保险制度体系的关键点,与一个国家的经济增长、财政收支和社会保险制度设置有关;也是衡量养老保障水平的重要标志,是制定养老保险政策必须考虑的关键因素。从养老金替代率概念辨析出发,分析中国养老金替代率发展情况,探究养老金替代率低的原因,并从质性研究和量化分析两个角度概述养老金替代率的研究情况,得出提高养老金替代率是未来发展趋势。[关键词]养老金替代率;养老保险;双轨制

Analysis of the Development of Chinese Pension Replacement Rate

ZHU Rui-min
(Shandong University, Jinan250100, Shandong)

[Abstract]Being the key point of the whole system of social endowment insurance system, pension replacement rate is related to a country's economic growth, fiscal revenue and expenditure, and the setting up of the social insurance system, and is an important symbol of measuring the old-age security level. The pension replacement rate is the key factor which must be considered in the process of making endowment insurance policy. Starting from analyzing the concept of pension replacement rate, this paper analyzes the development of Chinese pension replacement rate, and probes into the cause of the low pension replacement rate. This paper summarizes the research situation of pension replacement rate from the angles of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and concludes that raising pension replacement rate is the future development trend.

[Key words]pension replacement rate; pension insurance; dual system

一、厘清养老金替代率

简单来讲,养老金替代率是指养老金占工资的百分比。但从国际上看,养老金既可以指退休后个人税前月养老金(包含个人所得税和医疗保险费等),也可以指退休后个人税后月养老金(扣除个人所得税和医疗保险费等);工资同样包含两种含义,既可以是基期税前月平均工资(包含个人所得税和社会保障费等),也可以是基期税后月平均工资(扣除个人所得税和社会保障费等)。所以就出现了四种较为常见的养老金替代率,分别是用来衡量个人养老金整体名义水平和实际水平的“总替代率”(total RR)和“净替代率”(net RR);用来反映个体退休收入在全社会中处于何种名义水平和实际水平的“相对替代率”(gross relative RR)和“净相对替代率”(net relative RR)。

但由于我国养老金是免征个人所得税,所以在我国,学界通常使用的替代率包括(1)目标替代率:单个职工退休后养老金收人与退休前一年工资收入的比率(王清2000,徐颖、李晓林2009等);……

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