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Barraquer-Simons综合征面部凹陷畸形的整形外科治疗

2013-01-21吴欢欢

组织工程与重建外科杂志 2013年3期
关键词:皮下脂肪肩胛真皮

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Barraquer-Simons综合征面部凹陷畸形的整形外科治疗

吴欢欢 综 述 滕 利 审 校

Barraquer-Simons综合征又称获得性部分性脂肪营养不良(或称渐进性脂质营养不良),是一种罕见的脂肪分布异常疾病。其特点为上身皮下脂肪消失,而下身皮下脂肪异常增多。该病常伴有低补体C3血症、胰岛素抵抗及自身免疫性疾病等。其特殊面容严重影响患者日常生活,可使患者产生社会疏离感,影响患者心理健康。本文就Barraquer-Simons综合征面颊部凹陷畸形的整形外科治疗方法进行综述。

Barraquer-Simons综合征脂肪分布异常疾病面颊部凹陷畸形

Barraquer-Simons综合征又称获得性部分性脂肪营养不良(Acquired partial lipodystrophy,APL),或渐进性脂质营养不良(Progressive lipodystrophy),是一种罕见的脂肪分布异常疾病。其特点为上身皮下脂肪消失,而下身皮下脂肪异常增多。该病常伴有胰岛素抵抗,并发症与肥胖、糖尿病等疾病具有较多重叠。Mitchell[1]在1885年首先报道了一名12岁女孩,于8岁时患上呼吸道感染后出现面颊部脂肪丢失,进行性脂肪萎缩,累及上臂和上身。此后,Barraquer[2]和Simons[3]相继报道了相类似的病例,并详细描述了本病脂肪萎缩的特点,即仅累及皮下脂肪。

1 Barraquer-Simons综合征的临床特点及病因

Barraquer-Simons综合征女性多见,男女之比为1∶4。发病年龄在4~15岁,多在10岁前。发病1.5~6年后,病情趋于稳定。该病呈现特征性的皮下脂肪丢失,即从面部开始逐渐向下发展的两侧对称性皮下脂肪减少。轻者脂肪萎缩局限于面部,表现为颞部阴影,颧部隆起,颊部凹陷,呈现“死尸脸型”,也常波及上肢躯干;部分患者髋部、臀部及大腿脂肪堆积。患者呈现特殊的外貌:病变区域明显消瘦,骨性结构或肌肉轮廓凸显、浅表静脉显露,与非病变区形成明显差异,但病变区域的皮肤及皮肤附属器、肌肉、骨骼等其他组织、器官无异常表现。本病可分为两型:Laignel-Lavastine型,上半身脂肪萎缩,髋部和腿部脂肪堆积;Weir-Mitchell型,上半身脂肪萎缩,下肢正常。

74%的Barraquer-Simons综合征患者伴有低补体C3血症,22%的患者伴有膜性增生性肾小球肾炎(MGPN),大部分患者出现糖脂代谢紊乱(如糖耐量异常、高脂血症和糖尿病等)。本病多为散发,少数有家族遗传史[4]。

本病病因不明,起病前常有上呼吸道感染、麻疹、水痘、HBV[1-2,5-6]等前驱感染病史,伴有系统性红斑狼疮、皮肌炎、抗磷脂综合征、硬皮病等自身免疫性疾病[7-13],并且约有74%的患者伴有低补体C3血症及C3致肾炎因子(C3 nephritis factor,C3NeF)阳性[14]。脂肪细胞分泌C3、B因子、D因子、H因子、I因子等。C3在活化表面(比如细菌)的作用下转化为C3b并与之结合,在B因子的作用下结合形成C3bB,再在D因子的作用下形成C3bBb。C3bBb是一种不稳定的C3转化酶[15],促进C3转化为C3b,从而形成激活放大效应,但极易被H因子和I因子结合而失活[16]。而C3NeF与C3bBb结合可形成C3bBbNeF[17],是一种稳定的C3转化酶,从而导致C3补体的过度消耗,形成低补体C3血症[18](图1)。有研究认为,C3NeF在D因子的作用下形成的C3bBbNeF,可诱导脂肪细胞的裂解,但具体机制不明[19]。而APL患者特征性的脂肪分布可能与躯体上半身脂肪细胞分泌的D因子多于下半身有关,但仍需进一步的研究证实。此外,约有17%的APL患者血清补体水平正常,且C3NeF阴性[14],而且也有部分具有低补体C3血症及C3NeF阳性的患者并未罹患APL疾病,说明APL具有多方面的病因[20]。目前的研究发现,蛋白质3a可促进脂肪酸酰化为甘油三酯[21];基因水平研究发现部分患者核纤层蛋白(LMNB2)突变[22],以及与脂肪细胞增殖分化相关的基因表达下调[23],但明确的发病机制仍需进一步研究。

2 Barraquer-Simons综合征的诊断及鉴别诊断

Barraquer-Simons综合征的诊断主要依据体格检查[14]。可依据经皮褶厚度测量、CT、MRI等方法评价皮下脂肪分布。实验室检查可以发现低补体C3血症、C3NeF阳性及部分自身抗体阳性(如抗核抗体、抗dDNA抗体等[24])。

患者常以“双侧面部凹陷”为主诉就诊,应与引起面颊部凹陷的疾病相鉴别。双侧Parry-Romberg综合征是Parry-Romberg综合征的一种特殊类型,临床也表现为双侧颜面萎缩,以皮肤、皮下组织、肌肉及骨组织的萎缩为特征,但没有上肢、躯干脂肪丢失而下肢脂肪堆积的临床表现,以及糖脂代谢异常。特发性带状硬皮病,多发于前额近正中部,向头皮延伸呈刀砍样,呈象牙色硬化,局部明显凹陷,皮肤及皮下软组织及骨都逐渐萎缩、凹陷,伴有色素脱失,甚至可发现骨骼脱钙现象,骨质疏松、吸收变细,头发脱落。而Barraquer-Simons综合征脂肪萎缩仅累及皮下脂肪,且伴有下肢脂肪堆积,可资鉴别。

3 Barraquer-Simons综合征的整形外科治疗

Barraquer-Simons综合征的特殊面容影响患者的日常生活,给患者的社交、求职、婚姻等造成巨大障碍,改善面部外观具有重要意义。由于Barraquer-Simons综合征病因不明,主要采取对症治疗,矫正其面颊部凹陷畸形。

上世纪60年代至70年代,流行使用液体硅油注射[25-26]或硅胶植入[27]矫正面部凹陷畸形,术后面部外观不自然,且出现免疫排斥反应和并发症[27-28]。目前,主要应用自体组织移植矫正面部凹陷。

3.1 游离组织移植

真皮脂肪瓣具有易获取、能得到较大体积的软组织、方便塑形、手感柔软等优点,在面部软组织重建中应用较多。Brongo等[29]应用真皮脂肪瓣矫正了2例进行性脂肪萎缩患者的面部凹陷畸形,面部轮廓有所改善;随访18个月发现真皮脂肪瓣50%被吸收。Davis等[30]应用自体真皮脂肪瓣修复21名患者的面部软组织缺损,术后随访11月发现7名患者出现真皮脂肪瓣不同程度的吸收。Mordick等[31]分别使用真皮脂肪瓣和带血运的组织移植进行面部软组织重建,术后长期随访发现,真皮脂肪瓣和带血运的组织移植均能取得较好的修复效果,真皮脂肪瓣修复中度组织缺损可取得满意的效果,重度的组织缺损则需要带血运的组织移植。真皮脂肪瓣由于缺乏血运、易吸收,制约了其在临床上的应用。

3.2 带蒂组织转移

1968年,Ciarpella等[32]首次尝试使用局部皮瓣转移的方式,矫正Barraquer-Simons综合征的双侧面部凹陷畸形。Govila[33]报道使用去表皮的胸大肌肌皮瓣带蒂转移,进行面部轮廓重建,术后长期随访,修复效果满意,但该皮瓣的血管蒂较短,且难于解剖。另有报道应用双侧颞肌瓣转移,修复了Barraquer-Simons综合征患者的双侧面部脂肪萎缩。虽然局部皮瓣血运佳,皮瓣存活良好,但也存在一些问题,如局部皮瓣蒂部较短,活动性较差,难以塑形等;另外,由于受到供区组织量的限制,术后易出现肌肉萎缩,使得局部皮瓣在临床上的应用受到限制。

3.3 吻合血管的游离组织移植

显微外科技术的发展,使得吻合血管的游离组织移植获得广泛应用,且供区选择多样化。应用吻合血管的游离组织移植矫正面部凹陷畸形取得良好的治疗效果。常用的供区有:去表皮的肩胛/肩胛旁皮瓣、腹股沟皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、前臂皮瓣等。

Koshy等[36]应用前臂脂肪筋膜瓣修复2名局部脂肪萎缩患者的面部畸形,长期随访显示面部凹陷畸形明显改善,无复发,术后供区仅留线状瘢痕,但前臂脂肪筋膜瓣组织量有限,仅适用于中度面部凹陷畸形修复。Guelinckx等[37]应用吻合血管股前外侧皮瓣修复Barraquer-Simons综合征的双侧面部凹陷畸形,治疗效果稳定,但手术需分两期进行Elliott等[38]应用去表皮的肩胛和肩胛旁皮瓣重建面颊部,并固定在颧骨上,随访发现皮瓣无吸收和下坠现象,凹陷畸形消失,但该方法术中需要变换患者体位。Upton等[39]应用肩胛和肩胛旁皮瓣进行面颊部横行重建,对28例患者进行回顾性分析,认为去表皮的肩胛和肩胛旁皮瓣是修复面部横向大面积凹陷缺损畸形的首选。Dunkly等[40]应用吻合血管的腹股沟皮瓣修复面部凹陷畸形,皮瓣放置时真皮面朝下可减少重力迁移,获得流畅的面部轮廓。Longaker等[41]应用扩展的乳房下皱襞旋肩胛和腹壁下浅动脉皮瓣修复双侧面部凹陷畸形,供区瘢痕较隐秘,而且作者认为双侧面部凹陷畸形比单侧面部凹陷畸形更容易做到双侧对称。Coessens等[42]和Goossens等[43]认为,腹直肌肌皮瓣具有良好的稠度和坚硬度,将其游离移植至面部修复凹陷畸形,可获得较满意效果。但Blondeel等[44]认为该方法会因供区腹壁力量减弱而导致腹部不对称(20%)、腹膨隆(10%)或腹疝(5%)的出现。Kroll等[45]、Baldwin等[46]随后不断进行改良,在减少切取腹直肌量的同时,应用合成材料网、两层筋膜缝合等加强腹壁关闭,使得腹壁力量减弱等并发症大大减少。Mizgala等[47]虽认为应用合成材料网可导致腹壁组织感染(12%),但感染极易控制。

3.4 自体脂肪颗粒填充

由于患者面颊部皮下脂肪萎缩,自体颗粒脂肪最接近其丢失的软组织。Fuenta等[48]使用自体脂肪颗粒注射,矫正面部脂肪萎缩畸形,认为该方法简便易行。随后,众多报道使用自体脂肪颗粒填充各种原因引起的面部凹陷,发现自体颗粒脂肪注射填充矫正后,长期随访,易出现脂肪颗粒吸收,面部凹陷畸形复发,需要多次注射等问题[49-51]。但是自体颗粒脂肪填充简便易行,至今在临床上仍被广泛应用。近年来基础研究发现,脂肪干细胞具有易获得、增殖能力强的优点。部分临床应用研究显示,脂肪干细胞注射治疗面部脂肪萎缩安全有效,优于传统的脂肪颗粒注射[52]。Castro-Govea等[53]应用脂肪干细胞移植治疗面部凹陷性疾病(Parry-Rombergz综合征),发现脂肪干细胞移植可以通过降低脂肪的吸收而达到稳定的长期修复效果。脂肪干细胞治疗是面部凹陷畸形治疗的趋势,但对于一些需填充组织量较大或局部情况差、皮肤菲薄、血运较差的面部凹陷畸形患者,脂肪颗粒注射或脂肪干细胞注射治疗仍难以矫正。

4 展望

Barraquer-Simons综合征是一种罕见的、病因不明的脂肪分布异常疾病,其治疗对症治疗为主。在修复患者面部凹陷畸形前,应先评估患者面部凹陷畸形组织量缺损大小,组织缺损量较小时,可使用自体脂肪颗粒或脂肪干细胞注射填充治疗,操作简单,术区不留瘢痕,可反复注射;组织缺损量大时,可使用吻合血管的游离组织移植,如腹直肌肌皮瓣、股前外侧筋膜脂肪瓣、前臂筋膜脂肪瓣等,治疗效果满意,疗效稳定。

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The Cosmetic Treatment of Facial Depression in Barraquer-Simons Syndrome

WU Huanhuan,TENG Li.Plastic

Surgery Hospital,Peking Union Medical Collage,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100144,China.

【Summary】Barraquer-Simons syndrome,also known as acquired partial lipodystrophy(APL)and progressive lipodystrophy,is a rare kind of lipodystrophy.This bilateral fat loss usually starts at the face and spreads to the upper part of the body, sparing the hips and the lower extremities.C3 hypocomplementemia,insulin resistance,and several autoimmune diseases are associated with APL.This tissue loss is so disconcerting that some patients often suffer from social alienation and develop psychological problems.This paper reviews the cosmetic treatment of facial depression in Barraquer-Simons syndrome.

Barraquer-Simons syndrome;Lipodystrophy;Facial depression

R622

B

1673-0364(2013)03-0177-04

2013年2月27日;

2013年4月9日)

100144北京市中国医学科学院北京协和医学院整形外科医院。

10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2013.03.017

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