鲁西南地区糯玉米多穗发生原因与防治技术
2025-08-21刘朝波刘训利韩乐勇陈宪信
中图分类号 S513 文献标识码A 文章编号 1007-7731(2025)15-0010-03
DO1号 10.16377/j.cnki.issn1007-7731.2025.15.003
Reasonsand prevention techniques for multiple ears of waxy maize in Southwestern Shandong Province
LIU Zhaobo1LIU Xunli² HAN Leyong² CHEN Xianxin² (1Agricultural Comprehensive Service Center of Macun Town, Jiaxiang 2724O0, China; ²Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Jiaxiang 2724Oo, China)
AbstractThe occurrnce of multiple ears phenomenon in waxy maize in Southwestern Shandong Province was investigated,and itscausesandcontrol measures wereanalyzed.The multipleears performance inthe studyarea was mainly characterizedby multiple ears per plant, multi-spikelets per plant,and multiple ears across plants.The primary causes included genetic traits (some waxy maize varieties being prone to branched multiple ears formation),climatic factors (extremehigh temperatures,abnormalprecipitation,insuficientsunlight,etc.),andcultivationmanagement isues (exessiveplantingdensity,insufficientorimbalancedfertilization,inadequateirigation,pestanddisease damage,and improper chemical application)and chemical control.Based on these findings,several countermeasures were proposed to prevent multipleears formation: selecting high qualitywaxy maize varieties (e.g.,Lunuo No.6)with low multipleears rates;adjusting planting density(3 500-4 50O plants/667m2)acording to varietal characteristics to reduce nefective tillering; avoiding excessve nitrogen fertilization while inreasing organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers,with timely irrigation during droughtat flowering stage;manuallyremoving redundant axillry budsand secondary ears to concentrate nutrientsupply to the main ear;and strengthening pest control (e.g.,rough dwarf disease and aphds)to protectplant vigor.Thisstudy providedareference for high qualitywaxy maizeproductionin relevant regions.
Keywordswaxy maize; multiple ears; climatic factors; genetic characteristics; cultivation management
糯玉米具有较高的鲜食品质和营养价值,含有多种营养成分,如蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、矿物质(钙、磷、铁)胡萝卜素、维生素、卵磷脂以及赖氨酸等。其具有增强免疫力、调节血脂、改善肠道功能及为人体提供必需的能量和养分等作用。
糯玉米的种植效益较高,鲁西南地区受东亚季风暖温带气候的影响,3一6月气温变化较大,导致部分春季种植田块的玉米出现多穗,在一定程度上影响产量。韩伟2研究指出,玉米多穗主要受异常气候、碳氮代谢、田间管理等因素影响。孙明轩等[3、靳海蕾等4研究指出,防止玉米产生多穗的措施包括选择优良品种、科学管理水肥、适时播种等。在此基础上,马兴华5研究了鲜食玉米多穗形成的原因及防控措施。有关糯玉米多穗发生的原因及防治技术的研究有待进一步深入,本文结合鲁西南地区的糯玉米种植实践,分析其多穗发生的原因,并提出防治措施,为相似地区糯玉米生产提供参考。
1糯玉米多穗的形态表现
糯玉米多穗包括单株多指穗、单株多穗及多株多穗3种情况。其中,单株多指穗是指在玉米植株雌性穗分化过程中,于同一位置发育出3个及以上的雌性小穗,这些小穗排列成手指状,在成熟时通常无籽粒,因此也被称为“手指穗\"。单株多穗是指在同一植株的不同茎节(叶)上分化形成3个及以上雌性穗,这会导致该植株上的非结实果穗数量增加,主穗上的籽粒不够饱满,从而影响产量与品质。……
