Abstract： During the Tang and Song period，the central government manged the present Guizhou region through a tripartite system comprising regular prefectures， subordinated prefectures， and vassl states. In the Yuan Dynasty，the Tusi system was introduced into and Guizhou was integrated into the provincial framework. Located at the intersection of Huguang，Sichuan，and Yun'nan，it became a key hub of the transport network and it also laid the ground for Provincial administration in the Ming Dynasty.Following the stabilization of Guizhou， the Ming government continued the Yuan-era Tusi system while promoting military garisons and migration to strengthen its control.The Weisuo was implemented and the roads and postal services were reinforced. Moreover，due to military needs， Guizhou was actively developed as a base for campaigns into Yun'nan， which laid political， military，and economic foundations for its establishment of province.The establishment of Guizhou province was also based on the policy of administrative reform for tribal regions， cities，prefectures and counties， which began in the Ming and continued into the Qing.

Keywords： Jimi TusiWeisuo system Administrative reform for tribal regionsEstablishment of Guizhou Province

一、土流并治：羁縻·土司制度的演变

唐宋时期，中央对边疆地区的管理得到加强对不同地区采取了不同的管理方式，形成了三个政治圈。在纳入王朝版图的地方设置经制州（正州），由朝廷派官治理，统一号令、法度，人口编入户籍，按制度征收赋税；内附的少数民族地区设立羁縻州（边州），实行“因俗而治”，州县官均由部落首领充任，“以土官治土民”，与中央王朝的关系较为松弛；与中央王朝保持“藩属”关系的外围少数民族政权称“藩国”，或互市，或和亲，或朝贡，或封赐。这种经制州、羁縻州与藩国并存的“土流并治的制度，是在大一统格局下形成的区域管理制度，加强了对边疆的管理，促进了统一多民族国家的形成和发展。

唐宋时期，贵州为经制州、羁縻州和藩国并存格局。唐朝在地主经济有一定比重的乌江以北和黔东北一带设立若干如同内地的经制州，对辖地人民实行“编户齐民”“计亩升科”的徭役制度和租庸调制；政府官员“官不世袭，职不常任”，由中央王朝委派，进行管理。在唐代，今贵州之地皆属黔中道，设黔州都督府，统领各州。黔州都督府设在今重庆彭水，因贵州之地皆在其南，故称“黔南”，以“黔”称贵州。唐朝强盛时，在贵州的统治中心逐渐南移，黔州都督府改为播州都督府，后又为庄州都督府，经制州的设置扩大至乌江以南。至天宝年间，唐朝在贵州设置有黔州、思州、叙州、锦州、奖州、费州、夷州、播州、溱州、南州等十个经制州。天宝以后，实力渐衰，乌江以南的经制州复为羁縻州。……