[中图分类号］K26；D231 [文献标志码]A[文章编号]1003-3815（2025）-02-0055-11

A Study of the“ Passive Strike” during the Shanghai Workers’ Movement Around the Timeof the May Thirtieth Incident

Jiang Lingnan

Abstract: The“Passive Strike”，also known as“Sabotage”，is a method of struggle widely used in the workers’ movement in Europe and the United States to achieve weak resistance through organized passive work.This concept was introduced to China during the MayFourth period，but it was not effectively applied on a large scale until the Shanghai workers'movement under the leadership of the CPC between 1925 and 1926．Around the time of the May Thirtieth Incident，the CPC and the workers’unions organized three passve strike actions in Shanghai， which demonstrated the unique eficacy of this method under disadvantaged conditions.However，the campaigns also exposed the limitationsof passive strikes as their effctiveness graduallydiminished in the face of targeted countermeasures by the capitalists.Labor movement leaders，represented by Zhao Shiyan and Deng Zhongxia， summarized the experiences and lessons of passive strikes through practice，preliminarily formulating strategies to respond to fluctuations in the labor movement. These explorations provided new approaches for the CPC to lead workers’ strikes under harsh conditions in subsequent struggles.

五册运动是中国近代工人运动的高潮，也标志着大革命高潮的到来。经典工运史研究较多关注近代中国工人的生活与工作、组织与运动，论证工人阶级意识的形成过程①；新工运史则结合社会科学视角，辨析工人运动的主体，关注工人与资本家、政党的互动，展现复杂的社会因素对工运的影响②。近年来，越来越多的工运史研究回归党史与革命史的叙事框架，从中共的组织、策略等方向展开讨论①。但革命史的书写或重在事件的起因、“三罢”斗争的过程及其影响，或着重考察中共的动员、宣传与组织特征，较少分析工运的具体斗争方法。五卅运动不是一个孤立的事件，1925年春至次年秋上海工运此起彼伏。根据形势变化选取合适的斗争方法，是中共对工运早期探索的重要实践。正如邓中夏所言，上海日本纱厂罢工起初是“在万分危急的当中，竭心尽力运用种种战术”才取得的胜利，“这些战术是很可宝贵的经验”②。

国际工运史存在同盟罢工（strike）和同盟怠工（sabotage）两种斗争方式③。同盟怠工因其隐蔽性与模糊性，常被认为缺少政治性与斗争性，“旷工、偷窃、怠工或毁坏机器等小打小闹”不足以反映政治效果与影响④，容易被学界忽视。实际上，有组织的同盟怠工并非“小打小闹”，而是革命时期具有理论性、组织性与影响力的斗争方法。“同盟怠工”在19世纪末由法国总工会领袖普热（Emile Pouget）提出 ⑤ ，19 世纪后期至20世纪初，怠工斗争被广泛运用于法国工人运动，传入美国后成为工团主义组织的标志性斗争手段 ⑥ ，并于一战后传人日本和中国？……