重审中国社会主义过渡的“苏联经验”问题
2025-07-21刘雨亭
中图分类号〕D232;K271 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1003-3815(2025)-02-0111-20
Re-examining the“ Soviet Experience” in China’s Socialist Transition: A Perspective from the History of Reading
Liu Yuting
Abstract:At various historical junctures in envisioning,initiating,and summarizing the socialist transition,the CPC consistentlyrefered to the“Soviet experience”,thereby forming a distinctive historical trajectoryof understandingand interpretation.Around the time of the CPC’s Second Plenary Sesson of the Seventh Central Committee,the Party engaged inthe study of A Concise Course of the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet U nion(Bolsheviks),taking the Soviet path of socialist transition as a key reference point and continuouslyadjusting the theory of New Democracy based on practical conditions.Following restoration of the national economy,Mao Zedong and other central leaders re-examined the steps and prerequisites for socialist transition,finding theoretical support in Economic Problems of Socialism in the Soviet Union,and they subsequently proposed the General Line for the Transitional Period.Inits practical explorations,the CPC also studied The Textbook of Political Economy in Soviet,clarified the target model,and gradualy formulated China’sown theoryof socialist transition.Although this processencountered many twistsand turns,it increasingly aligned with Stalin’s theoretical formulations regarding the New Economic Policy and the transition to socialism.
实现向社会主义的过渡是20世纪50年代中国的重大变革。在此之前,苏联于1936年宣布消灭资本主义成分、完成农业集体化和建成社会主义工业国,创造社会主义过渡经验。关于中国社会主义过渡和“苏联经验”之间的历史关联,党史学界主要关注“苏联经验”对中国社会主义过渡目标模式的影响,认为中国共产党改变了自主探索新民主主义理论的进程,认为过渡时期总路线是与新民主主义社会论、中共七届二中全会决议有所不同甚至相互对立的过渡思路。这在一定程度上反映了改革开放以后社会主义初级阶段、社会主义市场经济等理论对历史认识的深刻影响。因此,历史地审视中国社会主义过渡的“苏联经验”问题,就必须考察中共领导人的“苏联经验”知识及其限界,不宜混淆现实与历史。本文通过阅读史的方法来揭示中共领导人获取“苏联经验”的复杂进程,认为中共在解决中国革命阶段论、提出新民主主义理论的过程中就已经开始运用“苏联经验”,并在中共七届二中全会上将苏联社会主义过渡历程作为参照系,用以估量中国社会主义过渡的时间、条件和方式。随着《苏联社会主义经济问题》《政治经济学教科书》的出版,中共领导人进一步接触和认同斯大林关于社会主义过渡的理论思考,并根据中国情况做出具体调整,提出过渡时期总路线,并在中共八大上阐述中国社会主义过渡理论。……
