发生·发现·发展:理解农村改革发端问题的不同层面
2025-07-21张学兵
[中图分类号]D232;K275 [文献标志码]A[文章编号]1003-3815(2025)-02-0131-09
Occurrence,Discovery,and Development : Understanding Different Dimensions of the Origins of Rural Reform
Zhang Xuebing
Abstract:The origins of rural reform in China have long been atopic of scholarlydebate but withouta definitive consensus.Distinguishing the issue into three dimensions—occurrnce,discovery,and development—can help foster a deeper and more grounded understanding and discussion.At the level of“occurrence,” family-based contract management persisted continuously after the 195Os and,bythe late 197Os it had become a widespread phenomenon.At the level of“discovery,”rural communes and production brigades that engaged in household contracting experienced diferent outcomes:some remained hidden,some were“corrected,”and others were tacitly approved and protected.At the level of“development,” practices in Anhui province,through various channels, becamean important link in thenationwideshift in agricultural policyand rural institutional innovation.In this sense,the assertion that“rural reform began in Anhui”is historically confirmed.
“农村改革从安徽开始”,这已经成为中国改革史叙事中的一个经典论述,遍见于党政文献、研究著述、媒体文章乃至日常谈论之中。当然,也不时有文章或者书稿指出,诸如浙江、四川、甘肃、內蒙古、山西等很多地方搞家庭承包经营(包产、包干到户),分明早于安徽,至少不比安徽晚,为什么单说农村改革从安徽开始呢?事实上,在整个农业集体化时期,不同形式、不同程度的家庭承包经营不曾中辍,甚至还几次大规模地出现过。在这种情况下,讨论哪个地方最早搞家庭承包经营的问题,如果只是简单地列举个案、比较时序,恐怕标准无从把握、问题无法说清。分辨出“发生”“发现”“发展”三个不同的层面,将有助于加深对农村改革发端问题的认知,并从一个侧面反映20世纪80年代中国的决策、政策过程乃至政治运作的某些特质。
一、“发生”层面:农民搞家庭承包经营成为普遍现象
“文化大革命”结束后,政治氛围日渐宽松,社会空间逐步扩大,经济政策趋于务实。在落实农村政策的过程中,各地因地制宜采取了一些有助于农民休养生息的举措。因为政治压力减轻、现实困难突出,一些地方的农民又一次自发搞起了不同形式、不同程度的家庭承包经营。
按照较为通行的历史叙述,安徽省凤阳县梨园公社小岗生产队被称为新时期农村改革的起源地,搞家庭承包经营是在1978年底①。即使在安徽,这个时间点也不算特别突出,早于小岗队的不乏其例。……
