苏联经验”与新中国成立初期中央计刘部门的创建
2025-07-21陈力
[中图分类号]D232;K275 [文献标志码]A[文章编号]1003-3815(2025)-02-0095-16
The“Soviet Experience” and the Establishment of Central Planning Departments in the EarlyYears of thePeople’sRepublicof China
Chen Li
Abstract: In the early years of the People's Republic of China,asignificant number offormerpersonnel from the Nationalist government's Resources Commisson were incorporated into the newly established central planning departments.This phenomenon led some later researchers to argue that there was a degree of historical“continuity” between the old and new regimes in terms of building a planned economic system,suggesting that China’s planed economy originated more from the“Republican legacy”than from the“Soviet experience.”However,a historical examination of the establishment of the PRC’s central planning organs reveals the complex nature of the “Soviet experience.”The CPC’s personnel appointments in the Planning Bureau experienced a change from “Party memberization”to a model of“coexistence between the old and new cadres.”However,this transitional arrangement did not steer thePRC toward thedevelopment of a planned economy.Instead,itultimately prompted the CPC to establish the State Planning Commission with a fundamentally different personnel composition.
对于新中国建立计划经济的历程,毛泽东曾有过一段“照搬说”的经典叙述:“全国解放后,一九五○年至一九五七年,在经济工作和文教工作中产生了教条主义经济工作中的教条主义,主要表现在重工业工作、计划工作、银行工作和统计工作方面,特别是重工业和计划方面,因为我们不懂,完全没有经验,横竖自己不晓得,只好搬我们对苏联和中国的情况都不了解。对苏联的经验、情况、历史发展不甚了解,既然不了解只好盲目地学他们。” ① 邓小平在不同场合也有过“我们以前是学苏联的,搞计划经济”,“我们过去照搬苏联搞社会主义的模式”等类似表述②。
近年来,若干海外学者注意到国民党政府有着依靠国家投资推动工业化的相似发展模式,就此提出新中国计划经济源于“民国遗产”而非“苏联经验”的观点。其中以美国学者柯伟林的论述最具代表性,他着眼于国民党政府工业管理机构“资源委员会”(下文简称“资委会”)与新中国成立初期中央人民政府政务院财经委员会(下文简称“中财委”)财经计划局在人事上的相似性,说明新政权有意借助资委会的人力资源来“继承”和“延续”国民党政府经济建设的制度与经验①。“延续说”在学术界虽引发一些争论,但总体上取得相当广泛的支持。即便是不赞同此说的一些论者也承认,“民国遗产”对新政权建立计划经济体制确实起到一定的“借鉴”和“参考”作用。
可见,新中国成立初期中央计划部门的人事问题涉及计划经济植根于“民国遗产”还是“苏联经验”的不同观点。……
