[关键词］南方红军游击队；新四军；改编；国共合作 [中图分类号]E297.3；D231 [文献标志码]A[文章编号]1003-3815（2025）-02-0066-13 “Descending the Mountains” ： The Reorganization Process of the Southern Red Army Guerrilla Forces （1937-1938）

Lin Kun

Abstract：Around the time of the outbreak of the National War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression，the southern guerrill bases restored previouslysevered communication channels whileconveying aspirit of cooperation between the CPC and the KMTand engaging in local negotiations.Through thecoordination and organizational effrts of CPC cadres at various levels，thesouthern guerrill forces gradually realized a psychological adjustment of“leaving the mountain strongholds”and implemented the policy of“relying on the mountain bases for struggle.”This enabled them to efectivelycope with mindset pressures and organizational transformations and to achievediffcult reorganizations through a series of political struggles.At the same time，the guerilla forces gradually divided into two groups： thoseadvancing to the frontlines and those remaining in therear.The rear area Partyorganizations，relying on liaison offces，cooperated with the guerilla units tocarryout mass work，initially alleviating supply dificulties during troop mobilization toward the frontlines.The“descending the mountains” processnotonly facilitated the orderly integration of dispersed revolutionary forces from both sides ofthe Yangtze River into the framework of the national resistance but also demonstrated the CPC's excellent organizational and mobilizational abilities under extremely difficult circumstances.

1934年10月，由于第五次反“围剿”失利，中央红军主力开始战略转移，当时的中央苏区留有项英、陈毅领导下的中央分局、中央政府办事处以及中央军区，但随着国民党军对苏区的持续“清剿”，中共留守南方的力量全面转入山地游击作战，并在严酷的分割包围中，逐渐丧失与中央红军及相邻留守红军的联络渠道。至1937年，除琼崖游击区外，南方红军在地域上形成了鄂豫皖、鄂豫、湘鄂赣、赣粵、湘赣、湘南、皖浙赣、闽赣、闽西、闽南、闽中、闽东、闽北、浙南共14块游击区。

全民族抗战爆发前后，国共合作成为抵御外侮的重要前提，军队改编问题又成为国共合作的关键议题。目前学界对军队改编问题的探讨主要立足于国共谈判下中央红军改制为八路军的史实，对新四军的关注较少。涉及新四军改编的研究，多从两党高层互动及通史性叙述的角度展开，缺乏更细致的史实建构。曾为新四军领导人之一的叶飞指出，“研究新四军的历史，要从研究南方红军三年游击战争开始”①，要理解新四军的形成，视野必须前溯至南方三年游击战争与抗日战争之间的过渡阶段。

本文主要利用近年新四军研究中较为忽视的《南方三年游击战争》《八路军新四军驻各地办事机构》，以及《新四军抗日战争战史资料》《抗日战争时期新四军电报汇集》等稀见资料，聚焦全民族抗战爆发前后新四军的建军前史，梳理中共各级党组织在领导南方红军游击队实现向新四军的演化过程中所遭遇的主客观挑战及其因应，进而解答新四军“从何而来”的问题。……