APP下载

世界优秀青年田径运动员相对年龄效应研究

2023-07-13徐有粮张孜贤王靖辉王政涵陈玉军王相英

山东体育科技 2023年3期

徐有粮 张孜贤 王靖辉 王政涵 陈玉军 王相英

摘 要:相对年龄理论(Relative Age Theory,RAT)是研究以“选择日”为运动特征的竞赛情景中,相对年龄对青少年运动员成绩影响的本质、发生、发展和变化规律的理论。青奥会是面向年满14岁至18岁青少年开展的综合性运动会,本研究基于国外学者对相对年龄在体育运动中的研究,对近三届参加青奥会的世界优秀青年田径运动员相对年龄效应进行观测,进而探讨其产生的原因及可行的调控措施。研究发现,在不同性别、年龄、项目、洲际和举办届次中,田径项目的相对年龄优势经卡方检验差异均显著,且出生日明显偏向于选择日,但各大洲运动员的相对年龄显著性存在差异。

关键词:田径;青年运动员;相对年龄效应;相对年龄优势;青奥会

中图分类号:G804文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-9840(2023)03-0029-06

Relative Age Effect of the World's Elite Young Athletes in Track and Field: Based on Data from the Last Three Youth Olympic Games

XU Youliang1, ZHANG Zixian1, WANG Jinghui2, WANG Zhenghan1, CHEN Yujun1, WANG Xiangying1

(1.School of P.E., Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, Shandong, China; 2. School of Physical Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China)

Abstract:Relative Age Theory is a theory that investigates the nature, occurrence, development and changes of the relative age effect on the performance of young athletes in a competition scenario characterized by "selection day". Based on the research of foreign scholars on relative age in sports, this study observes the relative age effect of the world's elite young athletes who participated in the last three Youth Olympic Games, and then discusses the causes and possible control measures. It was found that the relative age advantage in track and field was significant by chi-square test in different sexes, ages, sports, continents and sessions, and the date of birth was significantly biased in favor of the selection date, but the relative age significance of athletes in each continent was different.

Key words:athletics; young athletes; relative age effect; relative age advantage; Youth Olympic Games

虽然人类的运动水平主要取决于个体的体型及后天所受的训练,但是最新研究表明,青少年之间的相对年龄差对其掌握运动技能、提升运动成绩具有长足的作用。相对年龄(Relative Age)是指一年中由于出生时间点(月份和日期)的不同而导致的同年龄组个体之间的年龄差异。相对年龄理论(Relative Age Theory)主要是研究以选择日为运动特征的竞赛情景中,相对年龄对青少年运动员成绩影响的本质,以及发生、发展、变化规律的理论。相对年龄理论起源于20世纪80年代,一经提出就成为了国外研究的热点问题,尤其是运动员相对年龄和运动成就之间的关系更是受到国外田径学者的广泛关注。……

登录APP查看全文