胡光 杨景云

摘 要：【目的】为保障元宇宙市场的公平竞争，在我国《商标法》规定的总体框架下，借鉴欧盟、美国的立法与司法实践，对NFTs商标侵权问题提供建议。【方法】通过分析多起典型案例、研究其中争议问题，寻求解决纠纷的法律路径。【结果】元宇宙中商标混淆与淡化的判断应当综合商标显著性与商标的功能，灵活使用传统多因素检测法，着重考虑NFTs创作者是否存在营利目的；合理使用和罗杰斯检验抗辩会受到“明显误导”的阻碍，NFTs以“独特资产”使用不能适用权利用尽原则。【结论】建议商标权人尽快扩展商标注册类型，加强商标在元宇宙中的投资与监管。国家应对虚拟商品或服务的商标注册申请设置审查指南、明确NFTs的属性并适当分类。

关键词：商标；NFTs；数字文化藏品；元宇宙

中图分类号：D923.43    文献标志码：A     文章编号：1003-5168（2023）09-0120-04

Abstract： [Purposes] In order to guarantee fair competition in the meta-universe market， under the general framework of the provisions of trademark Law， the legislation and judicial practice of the European Union and America are referred to， to provide suggestions on the trademark infringement of NFTs. [Methods] By analyzing many typical cases and studying the disputed issues， the legal path to solve the disputes is sought. [Findings] The judgment of trademark confusion and dilution in the metaverse should be based on trademark significance and trademark function， and the traditional multi-factor detection method should be flexibly used to consider whether the creators of NFTs have profit purpose. Fair use and Rogers test defences would be hampered by "clearly misleading" claims， and the way NFTs are used would affect their characterization， and "unique assets" could not apply the exhaustion principle.[Conclusions] It is suggested that trademark owners should expand the types of trademark registration as soon as possible， and strengthen the investment and supervision of trademarks in the meta-universe. The State shall set up examination guidelines for applications for trademark registration of virtual goods or services， specify the attributes of NFTs and properly classify them.

Keywords： trademark; NFTs; digital cultural collection; meta-universe

0 引言

“数字藏品”属于传统意义上的“数字艺术品”，是以数字化方式创作、存储、呈现和交付的艺术作品，包含图像、声音、视频游戏、视频等，其所依托的元宇宙是一个网络空间概念。元宇宙是将5G、区块链和智能合约等新兴技术构建于现有的互联网基础设施之上，形成的具有互动性、沉浸性、持久性的新型3D虚拟世界［1］。 “数字藏品”的载体NFTs作为在区块链上“令牌化”的不可替代代币，具有可追踪性和唯一性。一方面，其与实体商品相连接，可在链上进行交易并成为交易资产的所有权证明。NFTs的可追踪性保证了所有者不仅能够查询前任权利人，还能够查询最初创造者，以此掌握全面的历史交易记录。……