浙江

高中英语阅读教学不仅要帮助学生对语言（词汇和结构）和信息（文本的主旨大意和细节）进行表层的理解，还要帮助学生对文本进行深层次的理解，关注作者的观点、情感态度、写作意图，把握文本的脉络层次和结构特点，了解文本中遣词造句和谋篇布局等方面的技巧，鉴赏语言文化。显而易见，语篇结构，尤其是各种文体的语篇主题的引出手法，对于解答各种阅读理解试题至关重要，下面笔者将具体讲述语篇主题的引出手法在解答主旨概括类阅读理解试题的应用。

命题人考查主旨概括题的设问形式千变万化，例如，考查标题概括通常会问What’s the best title of this passage?考查文章的主旨大意通常会问What is the main idea of the passage? 或What does the passage tell about? 考查作者的写作意图通常会问What’s the purpose of the text? 或What message does the author want to convey in this text? 不管主旨概括题以哪种命题形式出现，一看到此类设题形式，学生在解题时应该马上立足整体，把握语篇主题所在。

在记叙文、说明文、议论文三种不同的文体中，引出主题的手法不尽相同。在记叙文中，常见的主题引出手法是升华法，即在语篇最后或虚或实地呼应前文，凸显主题。而在说明文或者议论文中，主题常出现在文章的开篇部分，引出手法包括直白法、反衬法、事例法和提问法。单一的主题引出手法不具备“欺骗性”，在解答阅读理解主旨概括类试题时不会给考生设置障碍，而复合型的主题引出手法，即多种主题引出手法的组合，便会大大增加解答主旨概括类试题的难度。有鉴于此，本文笔者将重点聚焦复合型的主题引出手法，以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。

例证语篇1

Paul Kluitenberg has always been a hit with the ladies.So you wouldn’t expect the 17-year-old student from Avonworth High School in Pennsylvania,US to worry about asking a girl out.However,he did feel a bit nervous when it came to the dance party at the weekend.

Dating has changed in recent years and there’s a lot more pressure on young people.You have to find a novel (新奇的)way of inviting a girl to a formal dance.

“I knew I couldn’t just say,‘You want to go to homecoming?’because that’s kind of lame (蹩脚的),”explained the 17-year-old.

The new trend is called“asking cute”. A TV show entitled Our Last Prom had the main characters trying to impress their high school girlfriends in a variety of“cute”ways.One teenager even dressed up in a gorilla (大猩猩) costume.

The video-sharing website YouTube has made this cultural trend popular.The simple search“ask cute”and“school dance”turns up videos of boys—and a few girls—going to great lengths to pop the question.

The Internet came to the rescue of Joe McDonagh,a tenth-grade student at Avonworth.The 15-year-old found a clever idea online.He went with a white board and pens when he asked classmate Emily Grambo to the dance.

“I wrote,‘See who wants to take you to dance party’on it with a bunch of names,but mine was the only one in permanent marker (不褪色笔),”said Joe.He placed the board on the top shelf of her locker.When she wiped off the names,his was the only one left.

He got a yes,along with several“awwws”from the girls who quickly gathered.

“It’s so much better when they ask you in a cute way,”said Grambo.“It means they put more thought into it and want to be nicer.”

语篇体裁：说明文

主旨大意：novel ways of dating

主题原句：Dating has changed in recent years and there’s a lot more pressure on young people.You have to find a novel(新奇的) way of inviting a girl to a formal dance.

引出手法：事例法（Paul Kluitenberg 的具体情况）+反衬法（表示转折关系的连接词However 连接的表示先扬后抑的两句语意相反的句子）

例证试题：

Question :What is the main purpose of the text?

A.To show that“asking cute”is a new trend for dating.

B.To give tips on how to prepare for a homecoming.

C.To give advice on how to invite girls to a formal dance.

D.To explain why traditional dating is no longer popular.

解题策略：

利用上面的复合型主题引出手法，即事例法与反衬法，侧重表达与传统的约会方式有区别的一种新的约会方式，在解答本题时学生要紧紧扣住主题，选择正确的选项 A.To show that“asking cute”is a new trend for dating.而其他几个选项都不能很好地概括本文的主题，B 项侧重表达准备回家的建议，偏中性。C 项是邀请女孩正式跳舞的相关建议，同样也是偏中性。D 项则解释了传统的约会方式不再流行的原因，在语义上偏贬义，不符合文章主题偏褒义的特点，因此予以排除。

对于使用事例法和反衬法这类复合型主题引出方法的主旨概括类试题，学生在答题时需忽略具体事例，把重点放在事例后面的概括部分，而由于概括部分中存在先抑后扬或者先扬后抑的反衬，学生需把重中之重放在后面部分，也就是but,however,in fact,actually 等词（组）后面的内容，然后根据这部分内容确定文章的主题思想后再解题。

例证语篇2

A new library in Tianjin—Tianjin Binhai Public Library—recently became an online hit.The Daily Mail described it as the“world’s ultimate（终极的）library”,while the word“breathtaking”was the choice of Newsweek magazine.One look at the library and you’ll see why.With its futuristic design and walls loaded with books,it’s the dream library of every book lover.

But as the awe（惊叹）continues,there’s a burning question lying in the back of our minds:When physical bookstores are closing down one by one,what makes libraries immune from the wave of digitalization（数码化）? And do we really still need libraries now we’ve got the Internet in our hands?

Reporter Ian Clark has the answer.“Libraries are not declining in importance—people are simply changing the way they use them,”he wrote on the Guardian website.

What Clark means is that libraries have shifted from simply being storehouses of books to a medium（媒介）to help“bridge the gap between the haves and the have-nots”,according to website Libraries Are Essential.Since not everyone can afford a smart phone,a tablet or an Internet connection,and not everyone knows how to search the internet correctly and efficiently,it’s public libraries that make sure that these resources（资源）and technologies are available to a larger group of people.

And one of the pitfalls that come with online materials is that they’re not always reliable.“Google doesn’t tell you what you’re not getting,so people need to evaluate the quality and completeness of what they see on their screens,”Sarah Pritchard,dean of libraries at Northwestern University,told Northwestern Research Magazine.And libraries are usually where that“evaluation”happens.

But all of these practical functions aside,we still need the physical space that a library provides.It’s something that’s called a“third place”,according to the Seattle Times.This is a place in which we can fully concentrate on our study and work without easily getting distracted.

And compared to other“third places”like coffee shops,libraries have a“non-commercial nature”that allows you to relax completely.

“Nobody is trying to sell you anything in the library.There is no pressure to buy and there is no judgment of your choices,”Anne Goulding,a professor at Victoria University in New Zealand,wrote on the Newsroom website.

“There are few other spaces that you can just‘be’without somebody questioning your presence or your motivation（动机）.”

语篇体裁：说明文

主旨大意：the certainty of the survival of libraries in modern world

主题原句：Reporter Ian Clark has the answer.“Libraries are not declining in importance — people are simply changing the way they use them,”he wrote on the Guardian website.

引出手法：事例法（天津滨海网上数码图书馆的开放）+反衬法（第二段But 连接的表示先扬后抑转折关系的语段）+提问法（当实体书店一家又一家先后倒闭时，是什么使图书馆能够从数字化的浪潮中幸免于难？When physical bookstores are closing down one by one,what makes libraries immune from the wave of digitalization ?）

例证试题：

A.Libraries should reform to keep up with the pace of digitalization.

B.It remains to be seen whether libraries will survive in the future.

C.Libraries are suffering because of the wave of digitalization.

D.Libraries have reasons to stay alive in the modern world.

解题策略：

本题考查语篇主题，根据文章的整体意思学生可以看出本篇文章的主题是褒义的主题，也就是讲述在当今世界图书馆仍然有存在和发展的可能，纵观四个选项，只有D 项是褒义的表达，A 项和B 项分别表示建议和不确定性，属于中性的表达，C 项中的are suffering 带有贬义意味的表达，故本题正确选项是D。

对于事例法、反衬法和提问法三种手法并存的主题引出方式，学生在解答阅读理解主旨概括题时务必要看提问部分，即紧接在一般疑问句和特殊疑问句后面的内容，因为事例法和反衬法引出的内容可能只是预热，提问法引出的内容才是文章的重点，所以学生必须要重视提问后面的内容，这样才能准确掌握文章的中心思想。

随着科学技术的迅速发展,培养更多具有创新能力、适应时代要求的体育人才,是当前体育专业教学工作的一项重要任务.实验教学是体育基础理论教学的重要组成部分，是培养学生观察能力、分析能力、动手能力等的有效途径，在体育专业建设中起到很重要的作用,直接影响到专业培养目标的实现.因此，创新实验教学内容,加强实验教学手段,探索实验室建设、管理的新模式,提高实验教学的质量与水平,对实验室的科学发展具有积极意义[1-4].

例证语篇3

（2017 年11 月浙江省高考英语阅读理解B 篇）

It’s surprising how much simple movements of the body can affect the way we think.Using expansive gestures with open arms makes us feel more powerful,crossing your arms makes you more determined and lying down can bring more insights（领悟）.

So if moving the body can have these effects,what about the clothes we wear? We’re all well aware of how dressing up in different ways can make us feel more attractive,sporty or professional,depending on the clothes we wear,but can the clothes actually change cognitive (认知的) performance or is it just a feeling?

Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on people’s powers of attention.The idea is that white coats are associated with scientists,who are in turn thought to have close attention to detail.

What they found was that people wearing white coats performed better than those who weren’t.Indeed,they made only half as many errors as those wearing their own clothes on the Stroop Test (one way of measuring attention).The researchers call the effect“enclothed cognition”,suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways.

This opens the way for all sorts of clothes-based experiments.Is the writer who wears a fedora more creative? Is the psychologist wearing little round glasses and smoking a cigar more insightful? Does a chef ’s hat make the resultant food taste better?

From now on I will only be editing articles for PsyBlog while wearing a white coat to help keep the typing error count low.Hopefully you will be doing your part by reading PsyBlog in a cap and gown（学位服）.

语篇体裁：说明文

主旨大意：the influence of clothes on people’s cognitive performance

主题原句：but can the clothes actually change cognitive（认知的）performance or is it just a feeling?

引出手法：反衬法（体态语言非常有益于我们的情感表达，但是我们所穿的衣服是否也有同样的影响呢?）+提问法(我们所穿的衣服真的能够改变我们的认知表现，还是这只是一种感觉?)引出主题衣服能够改变我们的认知表现。

例证试题：

Question :What is the main idea of the text?

A.Body movements change the way people think.

B.How people dress has an influence on their feelings.

C.What people wear can affect their cognitive performance.

D.People doing different jobs should wear different clothes.

解题策略：

根据题干可知本题考查语篇主题，由于复合型的引出手法突出中性的主题：衣服能够改变我们的认知表现，因此可以推出C 选项最贴近语篇主题，A 项属于次要的反衬部分，不能喧宾夺主。B 项是强干扰项，错在介词on 后面的宾语their feelings 属于偷换概念，而D 项则明显缺乏语境的支撑。

反衬法和提问法同时出现，有时一般疑问句后并没有答语，此时这个提问的反面意思实际上就是文章的中心所在，所以在遇到此类篇章时，学生要树立没有答语的提问的反面表达就是语篇的主题的意识。

例证语篇4

Greek myth（神话）is filled with tales of heroic strength—perhaps the most famous being that of Atlas,who single-handedly held the heavens high up in the air.In an inspiring modern-day version of Atlas,one courageous athlete recently climbed Mount Olympus—home to the ancient gods,carrying a disabled companion to the summit（山顶）.

Long-distance runner Giannakos has a long track record of taking on challenges:He hiked 168 miles across the Al Marmoum Desert and he also took first place in a freezing 93-mile cross-country race in Antarctica.Before his latest effort,he’d already successfully admired the view from atop Mount Olympus’ highest peak 50 times.

When Giannakos met and befriended 22-year-old biology student Torsion and learned of her dream to experience the summit herself,it seemed only natural that he was more than ready to rise to the occasion.“For me,all international races,the medals and the distinctions so far,mean little compared to that goal,”he told the Greek Reporter.

With Torsion securely fastened in a specially adapted backpack Giannakos,along with an eight-member support team,started the exhausting uphill climb of Olympus’ tallest summit,Mount Mytikas.When they reached 2 400 meters,the party stopped to rest.After making camp for the night,they continued with their climb at 6 a.m.the following morning.Three hours later,at 9:02 local time—having put in more than 10 hours climbing in total—the victorious pair reached the 2 918-meter summit.“There is nothing more real than the dream,”Giannakos said with extreme happiness.

It’s heartening to know that while we generally think of heroes as the stuff of myth and legend,there are actually some shining examples—like Giannakos—who exist in real life as well.

语篇体裁：记叙文

主旨大意：the real hero in life

主题原句：It’s heartening to know that while we generally think of heroes as the stuff of myth and legend,there are actually some shining examples—like Giannakos—who exist in real life as well.

引出手法：反衬法（虽然我们通常认为英雄是神话和传说中的人物）+升华法（在记叙文语篇结尾部分升华主题）得出中心思想：在现实生活中也存在一些真实的英雄人物。

例证试题：

Question:What does the text mainly talk about?

A.Giannakos was a true hero existing in reality.

B.Giannakos successfully challenged world hiking records.

C.Giannakos is the first to run the Antarctic cross-country race.

D.Giannakos reached Mount Olympus’ highest peak 50 times.

解题策略：

本题的正确答案为A，因为只有A 项最符合语篇的中心思想：Giannakos 是在现实生活中确实存在的英雄人物。而B 项Giannakos 成功挑战远足世界纪录缺乏语境支撑，C 项Giannakos 是第一个横穿南极洲的跑步运动员更是夸张之说，D 项Giannakos 共成功攀登奥林匹斯山50 次，数字不精确，应是51 次，所以B、C、D 三项均可以排除。

对于记叙文中反衬法和升华法的主题表现方式，学生首先必须确定位置，即把重点放在记叙文语篇的结尾部分，同时不要被前面反衬的内容误导，而应把重点放在后面反衬的内容上，即but,however,in fact,actually 等词（组）后面的内容或者让步状语从句中的主句部分。

主旨概括能力不仅能提高学生解答主旨概括类试题的得分率，而且对于学生把握各种体裁篇章的主题，梳理语篇的脉络体系，解答细节理解、推理判断等其他题型也大有好处。提高学生主旨概括能力的不二之法是熟稔各种主题引入手法，尤其是主题引入的复合手法，因为只有掌握了这些变化纷呈、种类繁多的复合型主题引入手法才能顺利切入主题，从而占领语篇语义的制高点，达到“一览众山小”的目的。在确定各种引出手法的过程中，学生既要能够细分各种不同引出手法的差别，同时也要熟悉不同复合手法引出中心大意的特点，并且能够区分哪种手法在哪种类型的语篇中起到引出主题思想的关键作用。希望通过本文对复合手法的分析，学生在解答阅读理解各类主旨概括试题时能够更加游刃有余。