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基于拥挤定价理论的城际铁路分时段定价研究

2021-12-16章鹏

科技信息·学术版 2021年34期

章鹏

摘要:由城市道路拥挤定价理论得到启示,通过经济手段调控运输需求,解决运输供需在时间上的不平衡矛盾。本文首先阐述了将城际铁路运营时段细分并分别制定不同票价的必要性,然后建立了双层规划模型,并设计了改进粒子群算法与Frank-wolfe算法相结合的迭代算法求解。结果表明:分时段票价不仅能够缓解不同时段的运输供需矛盾,还能为城际铁路运营企业增加收益。

关键词:城际铁路;拥挤定价理论;分时段定价;双层规划模型;改进粒子群算法

Abstract: This paper is inspired by the congestion pricing theory of urban road, which  regulate the transportation demand to solve the imbalance between supply and demand at different times by the economic means. Firstly, this paper expounds the necessity of subdividing the operation time and setting different fare respectively for intercity railway, and then establishes the bi-level programming model, designed a iterative algorithm which is consist of the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and Frank-wolfe algorithm. Finally, the paper uses  Beijing-Tianjin intercity railway as an illustrative example to analyzes the feasibility of the model and algorithm. The results show that time differential pricing are not only able to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand in different periods, but also increase the income for the inter-city railway operation enterprises.

Key words: intercity railway; congestion pricing theory; Time differential pricing; bi-level programming model; improved particle swarm optimization

引言:

长期以来,我国城际铁路采用统一定价方式。但从京津城际、沪宁城际、广深城际等多年来的运营情况来看,这种统一定价方式无法解决客流在时间上分布不均导致的运输供需矛盾。从乘客的角度来分析,这一矛盾直接表现为高峰时段旅客乘车体验差甚至是乘车需求得不到满足;从城际铁路运营企业的角度看,在高峰时段,对舒适性和及时性要求较高的旅客可能会因为乘车体验差而选择其他交通方式,造成城际铁路客流的流失;而在非高峰时段运输能力过剩时,却无法有效吸引对及时性要求不高的旅客。因此有必要采取适合的定价方案来实现对客流需求的“削峰填谷”,最终实现运输的供需平衡以及城际铁路运营企业和旅客群体的双赢。

1 拥挤定价理论与城际铁路分时段票价

拥挤定价理论是国外自20世纪70年代中期以来,为解决城市道路拥挤问题而提出的一种交通经济理论,通过经济手段来控制和调节道路需求总量,使其在时间和空间上重新分配,从而解决供需不平衡的矛盾。……

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