理论力学课程中的习题建设与教学方式的探讨与实践
2021-11-26尹颢,黄凯
尹颢,黄凯



摘 要:对现有理论力学题目的题型和内容等进行了分析研究。对国内外教材的发展历史和当今新时代发展的特点和需求,以及当前国内力学学习中学生们遇到的疑问等方面进行了梳理阐述。通过分析各类教材体系的优缺点和题型特色,提出了一种“实际-抽象”相结合的题目建设思路,以及一种“目标-方法”相交融的改革方向,增加了学生在课内外获取相关力学知识的途径,提升了理论力学教学效果,可为国内理论力学基础课程的教材建设和课程改革提供思路和方向。
关键词:理论力学;教材;新工科;教学体系
中图分类号:G642 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2096-000X(2021)32-0146-04
Abstract: Based on the development history of teaching materials at home and abroad, the characteristics and needs of the development of the new era, as well as the problems encountered by students, the types and contents of the existing theoretical mechanics topics are analyzed and studied. According to the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various teaching systems and the characteristics of exercises, this paper puts forward a method of "practical-abstract" for assignment design, and a reform direction of "target-method" for teaching, which increases the way for students to acquire relevant mechanical knowledge in and out of class, improves the teaching effect of theoretical mechanics. The results provide ideas and directions for the textbook construction and curriculum reform of theoretical mechanics.
Keywords: Theoretical Mechanics; teaching material;Emerging Engineering Education;Teaching system
一、教材体系的探究与思考
(一)教材体系普遍存在的问题及分析
当前,国内理论力学教材普遍参照苏联教科书,以其为样板发展而成,这与新中国成立后的教学体系和教材建设的历史相关,并一直延用至今[1]。教材的模式是通过抽象的模型,如刚体、质点等,来代替具体的工程实际问题。在教学过程中,教师们虽然在授课时也会教授学生,并指出理论力学的研究方法是从实践出发,经过抽象化、综合、归纳、建立公理,再应用数学演绎和逻辑推理而得到定理和结论,形成理论体系,然后再通过实践来验证理论的正确性。但是在实际教学过程中,大多数题目均省略了抽象化的过程,也基本不涉及建立力学模型原理与相关的方法与过程,而是直接给出抽象化后的结果。考虑到理论力学作为工程科学的一门技术基础课,对象为低年级本科生,他们几乎从未接触过工程实际问题,甚至缺乏一些简单的工程结构的概念。……
