黄立鹤 杨晶晶 刘卓娅

提 要 老年个体的认知障碍与其在语用交际时的表现特征密切相关。言语行为是评估语用能力、判定语用障碍的重要范畴与核心指标。我们以言语行为为基本单位，构建了认知障碍老年人语用障碍的多模态分析框架，将个体的“言、思、情、貌”及语境因素纳入统一考察范畴。通过个案分析及对比研究发现，阿尔茨海默病老年人因认知功能受损，其言语行为会在依存性、核心内容、情感状态等维度出现问题;在实施言语行为时存在人际层面的话语补偿以及个体内部的多模态资源补偿等现象。

关键词 认知障碍;阿尔茨海默病;言语行为;多模态;语用补偿

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）06-0033-12

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210603

Pragmatic Compensation for the Elders with Cognitive Impairment： A Speech Act Perspective

Huang Lihe， Yang Jingjing and Liu Zhuoya

Abstract With the emergence of many aging societies around the world， the past decades have witnessed an increasing attention to gerontolinguistics. This study focuses on pragmatic compensation for the elders with cognitive impairment. Much research has shown that an individuals cognitive impairment is reflected in speech act performance in ones pragmatic communication. In this sense， the speech act can serve as an essential indicator for evaluating ones pragmatic competence and judging ones pragmatic disorders. Taking speech act as the basic unit and integrating both interlocutors and contextual factors， this study establishes a multimodal analytical framework of the relationship between cognitive health and speech acts of the elders. Through a case analysis， this study finds that pragmatic disorders for the elders with Alzheimers disease （AD） are manifested in the following aspects when performing speech acts： interdependence， essential content， emotional state， etc. More repetition， inconsistency， and hand movements indicate a damage to the language system of this group. Therefore， both interpersonal and intrapersonal compensatory adaptation operates in the interaction of the elders with AD. With Chinas rapid expansion of aging population， it is hoped that this study can draw more scholars attention to gerontolinguistics and more efforts can be devoted to the study and care of the elderly people in China.

Keywords cognitive impairment; Alzheimers disease （AD）; speech act; multimodal; pragmatic compensation

一、認知障碍老年人的语用障碍问题

随着全球人口老龄化程度不断加深，老年人认知健康愈加受到重视。我国认知障碍患病人数总量大，60岁以上老年人的各类认知障碍患病率为6%，其中阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimers disease，AD）患者约983万（Jia et al. 2020）。国际上已加紧开展了各类痴呆症老年人语言障碍问题的研究。

除语音、词汇、句法、语义等层面的障碍外，认知障碍老年人的语用能力也存在一定程度的损伤。语用特征分析可进一步提升痴呆症早期诊断的敏感性（Szatloczki et al. 2015），因此认知障碍人群的语用障碍研究逐渐受到重视，考察维度包括语用标记、衔接与连贯、话题维护、言语行为、身份意识等。以AD为例，研究发现：患者使用的话轮数量是正常人群的4倍，但话轮长度普遍小于……