云南玉米生产成本与收益分析
2021-10-03杨子姗梁盈解芬文霞
杨子姗 梁盈 解芬 文霞



摘要以國家统计数据为基础,分析了玉米在云南粮食生产中的比重和变化动态,玉米生产成本和收益。分析结果表明:⑴玉米作为云南最重要的粮食作物,播种面积一直居首位,玉米产量至2010年以来超过稻谷居第一位,最近3年的播种面积和产量在三大主粮生产中所占比例均超过60%,玉米生产对维护云南粮食安全具有重要意义。⑵云南玉米产值、总成本、现金成本及现金收益总体均呈上升趋势,但效益呈下降趋势,最近8年净利润连续为负,主要原因是总成本中人工成本上升速度过快。⑶最近10年的玉米平均生产成本中,人工成本占61.2%,物质与服务成本占28.9%,土地成本占9.9%,现金成本占31.1%;物质成本中,肥料占65.47%,种子占23.46%,农药和农膜分别占7.1%和5.65%。⑷最近10年云南玉米的现金收益平均为8626.92元/hm2,玉米产业对农民增收具有重要作用。⑸加强农业机械化建设,大幅提高云南玉米机播和机收的比例,优化田间管理方案,有效降低人工投入是提高云南玉米种植效益的关键。
关键词玉米产业;发展状况;成本;收益;云南省
中图分类号 F326.11 文献标识码 A DOI:10.12008/j.issn.1009-2196.2021.12.022
Production Cost and Income Analysis of Maize in Yunnan Province
YANG Zishan LIANG Ying XIE Fen WEN Xia
(Yunnan Agricultural Vocational and Technical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650212, China)
Abstract Based on the national statistical data, the proportion and change of maize in grain production, the maize planting costs and benefits in Yunnan province were analyzed. The results showed that as the most important food crop in Yunnan province, the maize ranked first always in cultivation area, with its production overtaking the rice and ranking the first since 2010. In the past three years, the proportion of sowing area and production of maize have exceeded 60% among the three main grain crops in Yunnan province. So maize production plays an irreplaceable role in safeguarding food security in Yunnan province. The output value, total cost, cash cost and cash income of maize in Yunnan Province showed an increasing trend, but the benefit showed a downward trend because of the rapid rise in labor costs. In the past eight years, the net profit has been continuously negative. Among the average production cost over the past 10 years, the labor cost accounted for 61.2%, the material and service cost accounted for 28.9%, the land cost accounted for 9.9%, and the cash cost accounted for 31.1%. Among the material costs, the fertilizer cost accounted for 65.47%, the seed cost accounted for 23.46%, the pesticides and agricultural film accounted for 7.1% and 5.65%, respectively. The average cash income of maize in the past 10 years was 8626.92 yuan/ha, which played an important role in increasing farmers' income. Strengthening the construction of agricultural mechanization, improving the proportion of mechanical sowing and harvesting, optimizing field management scheme, and reducing labor input are the key to improve maize production efficiency.
Keywords maize industry ; development status ; cost ; income ; Yunnan province
玉米是世界重要的粮食作物,也是我国种植面积和总产量均居第一位的粮食作物,对保障国家粮食安全发挥着主力军作用[1]。玉米在云南栽培历史悠久,最早的引种栽培时间可回溯至16世纪初[2]。云南作为我国较重要的玉米生产区,近年来的玉米播种面积和产量分别居全国第9位和第10位,在我国长江以南均仅次于四川,居第二位[3]。……
