糖尿病与胆汁酸代谢的研究进展
2021-09-22王育璐逄曙光
王育璐 逄曙光
[摘要]胆汁酸(BA)参与脂质和脂溶性维生素的吸收,在葡萄糖等能量代谢中起着重要作用。BA 的代谢失调和信号传导异常在多种疾病中起作用,包括血脂异常、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、糖尿病、肥胖、动脉粥样硬化、胆汁淤积、胆结石、肿瘤等。肠道法尼醇 X 受体(FXR)和 G 蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体5(TGR5)信号通路是重要的 BA 合成调节剂,它们是维持葡萄糖体内稳态的相关代谢调节剂,可将其转化为糖尿病治疗的新靶标。
[关键词]胆汁酸;糖尿病;肠道法尼醇 X 受体; G 蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体5
[中图分类号] R587.1;R-1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号]2095-0616(2021)23-0070-04
Progress of the research on diabetes mellitus and bile acid metabolism
WANG Yulu1 PANG Shuguang2
1. Teaching and Research Section of Internal Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, Weifang 261000, China;2. Department of Endocrinology, Ji'nan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, Ji'nan 250000, China
[Abstract] Bile acid (BA) is involved in the absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, which plays an important role in energy metabolism of glucose, etc. Bile acid metabolic disorders and abnormal signal conduction play a role in a variety of diseases, including dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, atherosclerosis, cholestasis, gallstones, tumors, etc. The signal paths of intestinal farnesol X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5(TGR5) are important regulators of bile acid synthesis. In addition, they have been found to be related metabolic regulators to maintain the homeostasis of glucose in vivo and turn it into a new target for DM treatment.
[Key words] Bile acid; Diabetes mellitus; Intestinal farnesol X receptor; G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5
糖尿病是一種由高血糖引起的代谢性疾病,全球发病率持续上升[1]。早期血糖控制对于避免视网膜疾病、终末期肾病、动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗死、脑卒中、截肢等血管并发症至关重要[2]。胆汁酸(bile acid,BA)是胆固醇分解代谢的最终产物,肠道法尼醇 X 受体(intestinal farnesoid X receptor, FXR)和 G 蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体5(G protein coupled bile acid receptor 5,TGR5)信号通路是重要的胆汁酸合成调节剂[3]。最近的研究提示这些受体参与调节糖异生、外周胰岛素敏感性、糖原合成、胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)、胰岛素的分泌、炎症、肠道微生物组配置,并与葡萄糖、脂质和能量消耗相关[4]。本文对糖尿病与 BA 代谢的发生机制、治疗等进行综述。
1 BA的合成与代谢
BA 是由肝细胞合成的两亲性类固醇分子,储存在胆囊中。肝脏中 BA 的生物合成涉及一系列的酶促反应,其过程涉及两个主要途径和至少17种肝酶的激活[5]。进餐后,BA 被释放到肠道,然后通过与肠道菌群的相互作用转化为初级 BA,在肠道远端管腔由肠道微生物进行解偶联和脱羟基反应,生成次级 BA[6]。……
