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对比剂后急性肾损伤的临床研究进展

2021-09-22孙耿耿王玉宝徐杰

中国医药科学 2021年23期

孙耿耿 王玉宝 徐杰

[摘要]对比剂后急性肾损伤(PC-AKI)是目前临床上外源性肾衰竭的第三大致病因素,排在前两位的是肾血流灌注不足和肾毒性药物损伤。随着影像诊疗技术的升级和广泛应用,PC-AKI 目前在普通人群的发生率已上升至1.5%~13%,高危人群甚至高达12%~27%,且无有效、根治性的解救措施。因此深入研究 PC-AKI 是满足临床碘对比剂合理使用、避免外源性肾损伤的迫切需求。本文以综述形式阐述 PC-AKI 的最新临床研究进展,内容主要包括:致病机制;独立的危险因素如对比剂理化性质和患者肾功能,评估肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血胱抑素 C(Cys C)、血肌酐(sCr)等变化值;现有的预防措施,为进一步探索水化预防的规范性诊疗模式和长期受益效果奠定理论基础。

[关键词]对比剂后急性肾损伤;对比剂;肾毒性;水化预防

[中图分类号] R692  [文献标识码] A   [文章编号]2095-0616(2021)23-0066-04

Clinical research progress of post contrast-acute kidney injury

SUNGenggeng1 WANGYubao2 XUJie2

1.Clinical Pharmacy Room of Pharmacy Department, Lianyungang Municipal Oriental Hospital Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222000, China;2.Department of Cardiology, Lianyungang Municipal Oriental Hospital Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Jiangsu, Lianyungang 222000, China

[Abstract] Post contrast-acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) is the third major pathogenic factor of exogenous renal failure in clinic at present, with inadequate renal blood perfusion and nephrotoxic drug injury ranking in the top two. With the upgrade and wide application of imaging diagnosis and treatment technology, the incidence of PC-AKI has now risen to 1.5%-13% in the general population and even up to 12%-27% in the high-risk group, with no effective, radical antidote. Therefore, an in-depth study of PC-AKI is an urgent need to meet the rational use of clinical iodine contrast agent and to avoid exogenous kidney injury. In this paper, the latest clinical research progress of PC-AKI was summarized, including pathogenic mechanism; Independent risk factors, such as physical and chemical properties of contrast medium and renal function of patients, to evaluate the changes of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum cystatin C (Cys C) and serum creatinine (sCr); Existing preventive measures. This paper may lay a theoretical foundation for further exploration of the standardized diagnosis and treatment and long-term benefit effect of hydration prevention.[Key words] Post contrast-acute kidney injury; Contrast agent; Nephrotoxicity; Hydration prevention

随着影像、介入诊疗技术的发展和广泛应用,碘对比剂的临床使用亦大幅增多。对比剂后急性肾损伤(postcontrast acute kidney injury,PC-AKI)的发生率已上升为1.5%~13%[1];而在糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全、高龄等高危人群中的发生率甚至高达12%~27%[2]。PC-AKI 已成为医院获得性肾衰竭的第三大致病因素[3],目前無有效的根治疗法。如何合理使用碘对比剂,避免药物性肾损伤是目前临床研究的热点。本文依据最新发布的《肾病患者静脉注射碘对比剂应用专家共识》[4]选用 PC-AKI 这一术语替代对比剂肾病(contrast-induced nephropathy, CIN),关注其危险因素、识别分层和水化预防等最新研究进展综述如下。

1致病机制

目前研究的机制认为[5]PC-AKI 是由于机体受到药物直接化学毒性、高渗透压性、高黏度等影响,导致肾脏血流改变,肾髓质缺血缺氧,舒缩激素比例失衡等诱发。……

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