郭静娜

内容摘要：鲁班窑石窟位于山西省大同市西郊武州山南麓，与云冈石窟隔河相望，据文献记载为北魏时期尼寺的附属石窟。2014至2018年，云冈石窟研究院对鲁班窑石窟进行维修、保护的同时，进行了考古调查。该石窟现存三座洞窟，窟内雕刻风化严重，但雕刻内容仍可辨析。根据该石窟的现存遗迹以及出土遗物可判断其为统一规划、设计的皇家石窟寺。鲁班窑石窟对于研究北魏平城地区石窟寺的布局、兴衰，北魏佛教艺术的特征以及“云冈模式”对我国石窟寺的影响提供了宝贵的实物资料。

关键词：山西大同;北魏;鲁班窑石窟

中图分类号：K879.29  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）03-0069-10

Abstract：The Lubanyao Grottoes are located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain in the western suburbs of Datong City， Shanxi Province. To the north， on the opposite side of a river， lie the Yungang Grottoes. According to historical documents， these caves were once a subsidiary of a local nunnery during the Northern Wei dynasty. From 2014 to 2018， the Yungang Grottoes Research Institute carried out archaeological investigation and conservation of the site; this report presents the findings of these investigations as well as a brief history of the grottoes. In total there are three caves in the site. The carvings in the caves have weathered considerably but the contents remain legible. Based on the present condition of the caves and the excavated relics， it can be determined that these grottoes are another set of royal cave temples in the vicinity of the Yungang Grottoes that were planned and designed in a unified way. The Lubanyao Grottoes provide valuable information for studying the layout of Northern Wei cave temples， the rise and decline of this style of temple design in the Pingcheng area， the characteristics of Northern Wei Buddhist art， and the influence of the “Yungang Model” on the cave temples of China.

Keywords：Datong; Shanxi; Northern Wei dynasty; Lubanyao Grottoes

鲁班窑石窟坐落于山西省大同市西郊武州山南麓、云岡石窟西界墙616m处十里河西岸的山丘东端，地理坐标东经113°06′57.8″，北纬40°06′57.4″，海拔1165m（图1）。2014年至2018年，云冈石窟研究院对鲁班窑石窟进行维修保护，同时进行了考古调查，现将结果报告如下。

一 石窟调查

鲁班窑石窟开凿在侏罗纪砂岩山体上，石壁呈南北走向。现存三座洞窟，坐西朝东，由北至南依次编号为第1、2、3窟。石窟外立壁风化严重，残存部分雕刻和建筑遗迹。外立壁上部现存 22个梁孔，梁孔宽0.18—0.46m、深0.13—0.65m，梁孔下沿距地面高0.32—0.9m。窟顶黄土经过夯筑，其外缘石片垒砌，大约是辽金时期的石墙（图2）。

（一）第1窟

1.  洞窟现状

第 1窟位于北端，洞窟平面呈马蹄形，窟顶为穹窿顶，略平。洞窟中心砌佛坛。窟门呈长方形，高3.3m、宽2.35m、厚 0.9m，保存较为完整。窟门门处有后期加装木门留下的痕迹。……