文章编号：1673-9973（2021）03-0061-07

摘 要：政党法治包括规范政党活动的国家宪法、法律和政黨党内法规两个层面。日本是政党法治体系比较成熟的国家之一，既集中体现了西方国家强调民主、自由、法治的共性特点，又体现了其作为东方儒家文化圈国家强调伦理、集体、自律的个性特点。总结梳理日本政党法治体系的结构与特点，深入分析其形成和发展的背景，对于推进中国特色的政党法治建设具有重要借鉴意义。日本政党法治的“橄榄状”体系结构形成于战后多党政治体制、选举制度及政党格局的背景下，对于中国完善规范政党活动的国家法律体系、提升党内法规制度建设科学化水平、加强政党法治教育提供了可资借鉴之启示。

关键词：政党法治;日本政党法治体系;法律体系;党内法规;政党政治

中图分类号：D073/077    文献标识码：A    DOI：10.13411/j.cnki.sxsx.2021.03.012

Research and Enlightenment of the Legal System of Japanese Political Parties

ZHANG Yang

（China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations， Beijing 100081，China）

Abstract：The Party rule of law includes the two aspects on national constitution-laws and Party rules， which are used to regulate partys activities. Japan is one of the countries which have mature system of Party rule of law. It not only embodies the common characteristics of Western countries emphasizing democracy， freedom， and rule of law， but also embodies its individual characteristics of emphasizing ethics， collective and self-discipline as a country in the Eastern Confucian cultural circle. Summarizing and combing the structure and characteristics of the Japanese political Party rule of law system， and in-depth analysis of the background of its formation and development， has important reference significance for promoting the construction of Party rule of law with Chinese characteristics. The “olive-like” system structure of the rule of law of Japanese political Parties was formed in the context of the post-war multi-party political system， election system， and political Party structure. For China， it is necessary to improve the national legal system that regulates Party activities， improve the scientific level of the construction of the Partys legal system， and provide enlightenment for reference to strengthen the education of the rule of law of political Parties.

Key words：Party rule of law; the system of Party rule of law in Japan; legal system; Party rules; Party politics

一、导言

政党法治是当今世界政党政治建设的重要概念。尽管国内学者从政党文明、政党政治法治化等多个角度对这一概念进行了探讨，但不难归纳出其中的共识，即：政党法治包括以国家宪法、法律来规范政党活动（包括执政活动与非执政活动）行为和以党内法规来规范政党内部行为两个维度^[1][2][3]。由于政党法治是一个从西方政党政治理论中泊来的概念，因此对当今世界中外政党法治体系进行比较研究就具有非常重要的意义。日本是当今发达国家中政党法治建设比较成熟的国家之一，相较于欧美国家而言，既集中体现了西方国家政党政治强调民主、自由、法治的共性特点，又体现了其作为东方儒家文化圈国家强调伦理、集体、自律的个性特点，对于我们推进中国特色的政党法治建设具有更为直接的借鉴意义。……