王海廷 赵营 罗健航 刘晓彤 张亚红 张学军

摘    要：为探明长期连作与喷灌施肥对露地菜心产量及土壤氮素淋失的影响，采用田间小区试验研究了2年间常规施肥（CON）、化肥减量25%（RN）、增量有机肥+化肥减量25%（MRN）对露地菜田土壤氮素淋失、菜心产量的影响。结果表明，菜心全年生长季淋溶液量的变化与灌水定额的高低具有一致性，喷灌灌水定额是影响淋溶液量的主要因素。夏季菜心生长期是总氮淋失的高峰期，占总氮淋失总量的27.12%～32.64%。CON处理与其他处理之间周年总氮淋量存在显著性差异，而菜心产量无显著性差异。2020年MNR处理较CON处理平均增产4.29%，周年平均土壤氮素淋失量降低30.63%。综上所述，减施化肥25%以及增施1/3有机肥处理，可以增加菜心产量、降低土壤氮素淋失量，MRN处理是宁夏引黄灌区露地菜心较好的喷灌施肥管理模式。

关键词：露地蔬菜;喷灌施肥;产量;氮素淋失

中图分类号：S634.5 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1673-2871（2021）08-068-06

Effects of sprinkler irrigation fertilization on the flowering cabbage yield and soil nitrogen leaching

WANG Haiting1， ZHAO Ying2， LUO Jianhang2， LIU Xiaotong2， ZHANG Yahong1， ZHANG Xuejun2

（1. College of Agriculture， Ningxia University， Yinchuan 750021， Ningxia， China; 2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment， Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences， Yinchuan 750002， Ningxia， China）

Abstract： In order to investigate the effects of long-term continuous cropping and spraying fertilization on the flowering cabbage yield and soil nitrogen leaching， the effects of conventional fertilization（CON）， 25% （RN） and incremental organic fertilizer + fertilizer reduction 25%（MRN） on nitrogen leaching and flowering cabbage yield in open field were studied by field experiments in 2 years. The results showed that the change of the amount of dripping solution in the growing season of flowering cabbage was consistent with the irrigation quota， and the irrigation quota was the main factor affecting the amount of dripping solution. The growth period of flowering cabbage in summer was the peak period of total nitrogen leaching loss， accounting for 27.12%-32.64% of total nitrogen leaching loss. There were significant differences in annual total nitrogen leaching amount between CON treatment and other treatments， and there was no significant difference in flowering cabbage yield. In 2020， the average yield of MNR treatment was 4.29% higher than that of CON treatment， and the annual average soil nitrogen leaching amount was reduced by 30.63%， indicating that 25% reduction of fertilizer and 1/3 organic fertilizer application could increase flowering cabbage yield and reduce soil nitrogen leaching. To sum up， MRN treatment is a good management mode of sprinkling irrigation fertilization in open field flowering cabbage production  in Ningxia irrigation area.

Key words： Open-field vegetable; Spray fertilization; Yield; Nitrogen leaching

我國露地蔬菜氮肥投入量高于粮田，露地蔬菜氮（N）施用总量平均为588 kg·hm-2，是其推荐量的2.7倍[1]，传统的种植模式会造成氮肥淋失严重。研究表明，我国北方露地菜田氮素以淋失为主，平均氮淋失量为51.7 kg·hm-2，高于粮田氮淋失量[2]。蔬菜作为宁夏优势特色农业产业向着规模化、集约化的方向发展，2019年宁夏蔬菜种植面积12.2万hm2，其中供应香港的菜心种植面积1.4万hm2，占蔬菜种植面积的11.8%。宁夏供港菜心生产采用固定管道式喷灌，全年灌溉用水量为600～1200 m3·667 m-2，每年3～4茬，施腐熟有机肥最高达30 t·hm-2，化肥300～450 kg·hm-2[4-5]，高频率灌水使土壤水分长期处于饱和状态，大量施肥灌水加剧了菜田氮素淋失风险。……