水下海豚腿最大推进力功率与最大速度的关系
2021-08-26沈宇鹏温宇红
沈宇鹏 温宇红


摘 要:对不同性别或不同身体姿势的水下海豚腿(UDK)的最大推进力功率(Pmax)与最大速度(vmax)进行差异性检验;探索性别或身体姿势因素是否会影响UDK的Pmax-vmax的相关关系。49名高水平运动员(其中男29人,年龄(20.7±3.2)岁;身高(1.83±0.05) m,体重(78.1±8.6) kg;女20人,年龄(19.6±1.7)岁,身高(1.71±0.04) m,体重(61.6±6.2) kg)参加测试。对实验对象进行不同身体姿势(俯卧、仰卧)的UDK的vmax和Pmax测试。采用混合线性模型评估性别或身体姿势效应对UDK的Pmax与vmax相关关系的影响。研究结果:男运动员UDK的vmax和Pmax均明显高于女运动员(vmax:P<0.01,ES=0.93;Pmax:P<0.01,ES=1.40);仰卧和俯卧姿势在vmax无差异(P=0.448,ES=0.05),但仰卧姿势的Pmax大于俯卧姿势(P<0.01,ES=0.25)。不同性别和不同身体姿势(俯卧、仰卧)不会影响UDK的Pmax-vmax的关系。结论:UDK的Pmax和vmax在性别或身体姿势的差异不会改变UDK的Pmax与vmax的关系,教练员和运动员不需要单独制定不同性别或不同身体姿势的UDK训练计划。
关 键 词:运动生物力学;水下海豚腿;最大速度;最大功率
中图分类号:G804.6 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2021)04-0131-06
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the difference of maximum power (Pmax) or maximum velocity (vmax) in underwater dolphin kick (UDK) between sex or body position, and investigate the relationship between Pmax and vmax for UDK as well as exploring whether these two factors moderated the relationship between Pmax - vmax in UDK. Forty-night elite swimmers voluntarily participated in the research (29 male swimmers, age: 20.7±3.2 year; height: 1.83±0.05 m, weight: 78.1±8.6kg; 20 female swimmers, age: 19.6±1.7year; height: 1.71±0.04 m, weight: 61.6±6.2 kg). The subjects were required to participate in testing for Pmax and vmax in two kinds of body position including prone and supine, respectively. Using multiple linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the moderation of sex or body position on the relationship between Pmax and vmax for UDK. The results showed that: Males vmax and Pmax were significantly higher than females (vmax: P<0.01, ES=0.93; Pmax: P<0.01, ES=1.40); no significant difference found in body position(P=0.448, ES=0.05) between the prone and supine, but UDKs Pmax in the supine was significantly higher than in the prone (P<0.01, ES=0.25). The association between Pmax and vmax for UDK was not adjusted by the effect of sex or the effect of body position. The conclusion was that the difference of Pmax and vmax of UDK in gender or body position may not moderate the relationship between Pmax and vmax for UDK, and the coaches and the athletes do not need to make a training program for UDK based on sex or body position when these two factors was not moderated the relationship between Pmax and vmax for UDK.
Key words: sports biomechanics;underwater dolphin kick;maximum velocity;maximum power
水下海豚腿(underwater dolphin kick,UDK)是運动员在游泳比赛中,出发或转身后采用的重要水下游进技术。优化UDK可以缩短运动员出发或转身后的时间,进而提高整体游泳成绩[1]。
推进力是影响最大游泳速度(maximum swimming velocity,vmax)的决定性因素之一[2],在其他条件不变的情况下,推进力越大,游泳速度也就越快。因此,发展推进力是提高UDK的vmax的重要训练方法。在水中测量推进力是非常困难的,采用牵引游泳方式测量最大推进力功率(maximum swimming power,Pmax)被认为是评估游泳推进力的理想指标[3-5]。现有研究表明:Pmax是预测短距离自由泳成绩的重要因子[6-7],与短距离游泳成绩高度正相关[8-9]。
在游泳比赛中,男女运动员均需要使用UDK技术,在混合泳比赛中,运动员还需要根据游泳规则要求采用不同的身体姿势(俯卧和仰卧)的UDK技术游进。前人研究报告了性别和游泳姿势是影响竞技游泳姿势Pmax或vmax变化的重要因素[3,10-11]。不同性别的运动员在4种竞技游泳姿势的Pmax和vmax均具有显著性差异,男运动员比女运动员有更大的Pmax和更快的vmax[3]。……
