何毅 董国永

摘 要：对项目反应理论（IRT）在美国体育学习成果测评体系（PE Metrics）中的应用进行解析，并提炼了基于IRT的PE Metrics测评体系表现特征。研究认为，IRT在PE Metrics中的应用主要体现在基于测验等值技术的数据采集设计、利用多层面Rasch模型进行参数估计、通过标定与校准建立体育学习成果测评题（项目）库等方面。在IRT方法和技术的支持下，PE Metrics具备测评项目及量规的难度参数恒定且分布均匀、不同运动项目的测评结果可进行交流、学生能力估计的精确性、测评项目开发的动态性和可延续性等特征。在此基础上，提出完善我国体育中考测评体系的应然之策，主要包括：广泛纳入“真实性”运动技能测评内容，突破体育中考的“应试化”桎梏;利用测验等值技术，实现体育中考运动技能测评分数的可比性;研制参数详实的测评工具，提高体育中考分数的精确性和区分度;建立动态体育中考题（项目）库，不断丰富和完善体育中考测试内容。

关 键 词：学校体育;体育学习成果测评;体育中考;项目反应理论

中图分类号：G807 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2021）04-0094-07

Abstract： This paper analyzes the application of IRT in PE metrics of American sports learning achievement evaluation system， and refines the performance characteristics of PE metrics evaluation system based on IRT. The research shows that the application of IRT in PE metrics is mainly reflected in the design of data collection based on test equivalence technology， parameter estimation by using multi-level Rasch model， and the establishment of test （item） database of physical education learning achievements through calibration and correction. With the support of IRT method and technology， PE metrics has the characteristics as follows： constant and uniform distribution of difficulty parameters of evaluation items and rubrics， communication of evaluation results with different sports items， accuracy of students' ability estimation， and dynamic and continuity of development of evaluation items. On this basis， this paper puts forward the corresponding measures to improve the evaluation system of China's physical education examination for high school， which mainly includes： widely introducing the "authenticity" sports skills evaluation content， breaking through the "exam oriented" shackles of physical education examination for high school; realizing the comparability of sports skills evaluation scores by using test equivalent technology; developing the test instruments with detailed parameters in order to improve the accuracy and differential degree for the scores of physical education examination for high school， and establishing a dynamic database of physical education examination programs （items） to constantly enrich and perfect the contents of the physical education examination.

Key words： school physical education;physical education learning achievement evaluation;physical education examination for high school;item response theory

2020年8月體育总局与教育部联合印发的《关于深化体教融合 促进青少年健康发展的意见》和2020年10月中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于全面加强和改进新时代学校体育工作的意见》提出：“将体育科目纳入初、高中学业水平考试范围。改进中考体育测试内容、方式和计分办法，科学确定并逐步提高分值。”[1-2]由此可见，随着体育在学校教育中地位不断提升，学生的体育考试成绩将不再是无关紧要的分数，而是更有可能成为学生综合素质评定甚至是中高考的重要组成部分。……