提 要 缅甸华语传承模式有4个发展阶段，南北两条传承链。缅北为：顺外传内-完全传承→顺外传内-传承受阻→顺外传内-传承复苏;缅南为：顺外传内-完全传承→顺外弃内-传承中断→顺外拾内-传承复苏→顺外传内-传承复苏。缅甸华语传承模式、华人与主体民族的语势和语言-文化适应关系构成的三要素变迁系统，其发展趋势是：“顺外传内-传承复苏”模式是缅甸华语传承的历史选择，“外势大于内势”是缅甸华语语势的客观趋势，同化是华-缅族语言文化关系的发展走向。国家语言政策对跨境移民群体语言文化有制衡作用，甚至对其走向起决定作用;经济价值是永恒的变量，是激发新生代华人传承华语的最主要动力;跨境移民群体语言文化被同化是不可避免的，要及时抢救挖掘海外华语资源;华人处理好语言认同、民族认同、国家认同的关系，能为中缅搭起互信互助的桥梁。

关键词 华语传承;模式;变迁;语势;同化

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）04-0019-10

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210402

Abstract Previous studies have identified various models of Huayu inheritance among overseas Chinese and different factors underlying these models. This study focuses on the model of Huayu inheritance in Myanmar， which is characterized by four development stages and two inheritance chains. Three elements constitute the changing system of Huayu inheritance model in Myanmar： the model of Huayu inheritance， the vitality of Burmese versus Chinese inside and outside Chinese families， and the lingua-cultural adaptation relationship. As far as its development trend is concerned， the model of “outward adaptation to the majority language and inward maintenance of the minority language” is the historical choice; the vitality of Burmese outweighing that of Chinese is the trend， and the lingua-cultural development trend between Chinese and Burmese cultures is towards assimilation. The national language policy has a check and balance effect on the language and culture of cross-border immigrants， and it even plays a decisive role in their development trend. In addition， the economic value of Huayu is the main driving force for the new Chinese descendants to inherit Huayu. It is suggested that Chinese descendants should deal with the relationship of language identity， ethnic identity and national identity， thus building a bridge of mutual trust and assistance between China and Myanmar.

Key words Huayu inheritance; model; changes; language vitality; assimilation

一、華语传承及传承模式

语言传承指族群语言在不同代际间的传承。我国语言传承研究领域中的“华语传承”“祖语传承”，是能将国内外华人语言传承研究联系起来的重要术语（李春风2019），可用于所有社会主体语言之外的族群语言，现阶段多用于海外华人的语言文化传承研究。

关于华语概念的内涵和外延，很多学者已做过探讨（李宇明2017;周明朗2017;陆俭明2019;等等）。郭熙（2004，2006）认为，海外华人社会的“华语”不是汉语的任何一种方言，它建立在方言之上，同时又是超方言的，是一种标准语。……