曹贤文 金梅

提 要 对美国新泽西州爱迪生地区和大普林斯顿地区中国大陆新移民子女华语传承状况的调查结果显示，虽然这些新移民散居于当地其他族裔中，大多数华二代明显呈现出从中文到英文的转用过程，但是他们的中文并没有丢失，听说读写四项技能在不同程度上得以保持。在这些新移民华二代的华语传承中，周末中文学校发挥了显著作用，华裔家长及其子女的语言态度和家庭环境的影响对华二代的华语传承则发挥着关键作用。全球化时代，新华人群体不再聚居为华人社区，而是散居于当地其他族裔中，如何借助各种有利因素，发展出新型华语传承模式，使海外华语得到代代传承、持续发展，是当前面临的重大课题。

关键词 华语传承;语言保持;语言转用;华二代

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）04-0044-12

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210404

Abstract Language maintenance and language shift among overseas Chinese has received much attention in recent years. Various models and factors have been proposed to describe， explain and predict language maintenance and language shift among this group. This study investigates Huayu inheritance of the second-generation Chinese immigrants in New Jersey. The results show that while the second-generation Chinese Americans are dispersed among other local ethnic groups and most of them experience the process of language shift from Chinese to English， they still maintain their Chinese proficiency to varying degrees. This study finds that the weekend Chinese school plays a significant role in their Huayu inheritance， and their language attitudes and family environment also play a key role. In the era of globalization， the new Chinese immigrants no longer live in a Chinese community， but are scattered among other local ethnic groups. It has become a major issue on how to take advantage of various favorable factors to develop a new model to facilitate cross-generational inheritance of Huayu.

Key words Huayu inheritance; language maintenance; language shift; second-generation Chinese immigrants

一、引 言

在人口流動愈加频密的全球化时代，移民族群的语言传承问题受到越来越多的关注。周庆生（2017）指出：“语言传承旨在研究语言的代际传递和延续，研究一种民族语言作为该民族大多数成员的母语，是如何一代一代不中断地使用下去。”移民族群在新的环境中如何保持自己的母语，以及是否转用其他语言，早就成为研究课题（如：Kloss 1927;Haugen 1953;等等）。Fishman首先从理论上提出将其设定为一个专门研究领域，明确指出：“语言保持和转用研究关注的是，操不同语言的人们彼此接触交往时语言使用习惯的变化或维持，及其与变化中的社会、心理或文化进程之间的关系。……