胡真臻 李增平 单金雪 张宇 熊秋雨 吴如慧

摘  要：在海南省澄迈等地的橡胶树林地发现一种新的茎腐病，由灵芝属的一种木腐菌侵染橡胶树活立木的茎干引起，株发病率约为1%～2%，田间发生茎腐病的断干橡胶树植株，新抽枝条上的叶片失绿，无光泽，变黄后脱落，后期树冠稀疏，生长不良、枯枝，病树茎干木质部组织白腐，重病植株整株枯死。对该病害的病原菌进行致病性测定、形态学特征鉴定，并建立ITS、LSU和SSU多基因系统发育树。结合形态学鉴定和多基因系统发育树鉴定结果，海南橡胶树灵芝茎腐病的病原菌鉴定为南方灵芝[Ganoderma austral （Fr.） Pat.]。生物学特性测定结果表明，该菌的菌丝最适生长条件为：温度30 ℃，pH 6.0，黑暗条件，马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂（PDA）培养基培养。

关键词：橡胶树;茎腐病;南方灵芝;生物学特性

Abstract： A new stalk rot disease was found in rubber forests in Chengmai， Hainan Province. It was caused by a wood rot fungus of Ganoderma infecting the stems of live rubber trees. The incidence rate of the plant was about 1%-2%， which occured in the field. When rubber trees were infected by this stem rot disease， the leaves on the newly extracted shoots were chlorotic， dull， and fell off after yellowing. Later the crowns were sparse， poor growth， branches dead， and tissues of diseased stem xylem white rot. Some plants die when they were seriously ill. The pathogenicity and morphological characteristics were determinated， and the ITS， LSU and SSU multigene phylogenetic trees were established. Results showed that the pathogen causing stem rot of Hevea brasiliensis was Ganoderma austral （Fr.） Pat. Tests on biological characteristics showed that the optimum identified growth conditions for G. austral were 30 ℃， pH 6.0， continuous darkness， PDA.

Keywords： Hevea brasiliensis; stem rot; Ganoderma austral （Fr.） Pat.; biological characteristics

橡膠树（Hevea brasiliensis）为大戟科橡胶树属的产胶热带作物，原产于巴西的亚马逊森林，所产的天然橡胶是重要的国防战略物资。中国的橡胶种植区主要分布在海南、福建、云南、广东、广西等省（区）[1-2]。2004年的统计数据表明，橡胶树上发生的病害有117种，危害较重的病害有南美叶疫病、季风性落叶病、白粉病、炭疽病、棒孢霉落叶病、红根病和褐根病等[2]。近年来又在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和泰国等地发生一种危害严重的拟盘多毛孢叶斑病[3]，此外还发现有回枯病[4]、毛色二孢叶斑病等新病害[5]。

海南是我国天然橡胶的主产省份之一，属于典型的热带季风气候，每年7—9月的台风常发季节期间，台风会吹断许多橡胶树，形成大量伤口，而枝条、茎干上的断口为一些种类的病原灵芝菌的侵染和定殖创造了良好条件[6]。……