马美娟 陈小新 张云霞 郭倩 孙民 路漫漫

摘要： 為研究不同播期冬小麦农田小气候特征及其生育状况，于2019-2020年在商丘国家基准气候站进行冬小麦分期播种试验，并通过方差分析、相关性分析等对试验结果进行比较。结果表明：早播10 d（E10）、晚播10 d（L10）与正常播期（CK）冠层内温度差别不明显，4月上旬晚播20 d（L20）冠层内温度高于CK， 5月上旬L20白天冠层内温度低于CK。4月上旬CK冠层内相对湿度高于E10、L20、L10处理，5月上旬E10、L10处理冠层内平均相对湿度低于CK，L20处理高于CK。不同播期冬小麦生育进程不同，出苗期随着播期的推迟而推迟，越冬后生育期逐渐趋于一致。随着播期的推迟，冬前积温呈递减趋势，株高逐渐降低。播期越晚，小穗数越少，L10、L20处理与CK的差异极显著; L10处理的千粒质量最大，CK次之，E10处理的千粒质量最小，但处理间差异不显著; CK的产量最大，E10处理次之，L10处理的产量最小，但处理间差异不显著。

关键词： 冬小麦;农田小气候;不同播期;产量构成因素

中图分类号： S521.1+10.47 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1000-4440（2021）03-0613-09

Analysis on field microclimate characteristics and growth of winter wheat under different sowing dates

MA Mei-juan1， CHEN Xiao-xin1， ZHANG Yun-xia1， GUO Qian1， SUN Min1， LU Man-man2

（1.Shangqiu Meteorological Bureau， Shangqiu 476000， China;2.Xingtai Meteorological Bureau， Xingtai 054000， China）

Abstract： To study the microclimate characteristics in the field and the growth condition of wheat with different sowing dates， sowing experiments at different stages were conducted at Shangqiu National Standard Climatic Station in 2019-2020. The experiment results were compared through variance analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that， difference of canopy temperatures under treatments of sowing date for ten days earlier （E10）， sowing date for ten days later （L10） and normal sowing date （CK） were not obvious. The canopy temperature of sowing date for 20 d later （L20） in early April was higher than that of CK， the daytime canopy temperature of L20 in early May was lower than that of CK. The relative humidity in the canopy of CK treatment was higher than that of E10， L20 and L10 treatments in early April. The average relative humidity in the canopy of E10 and L10 treatments was lower than CK in early May， while the datum of L20 treatment was higher than that of CK. Winter wheats sowed at different dates were different in development stages before winter. The emergence date tended to postpone as the sowing date delayed， and the sowing dates of winter wheat tended to be consistent after wintering. With the delay of sowing date， the accumulated temperature before winter showed a decreasing trend， and the plant height decreased gradually. The later the sowing date， the fewer the spikelets， and the difference between L10， L20 treatments and CK were extremely significant. The thousand-grain weight of L10 treatment was the highest， followed by CK treatment， and the thousand-grain weight of E10 treatment was the lowest. The yield of CK treatment was the largest， followed by E10 treatment， while the yield of L10 treatment was the smallest， but there was no significant difference between different treatments.

Key words： winter wheat;farmland microclimate;different sowing dates;constitutional factors of yield

小麦是世界上种植最广泛的作物之一，也是中国重要的粮食作物之一。黄淮冬麦区是中国最大的小麦产区，约占全国小麦总产量的65%[1]，是中国优质小麦生产和粮食安全的重要基地。农业生产与气象条件密切相关，特别是受农田小气候的影响，农田小气候是以作物为下垫面的特殊小气候，受外部气候环境和作物自身活动的共同影响[2]。适宜的小气候条件，有利于作物高产、稳产，反之则会抑制作物生长发育，滋生病虫害最终造成减产[3]。……