邓文韬

内容摘要：以往学界将莫高窟北区出土B53：16呈状文书中的“至元三十年”视为文书的成文年代，但该年款只是这件呈状所照得某件公文的年款，并非其成文年款。根据文书中“本路同知小云赤不花”在亦集乃路任同知的年代推测，本件呈状的年代应在大德六年到大德十一年（1302—1307）之间，这意味着洪水淹没莫高窟北区第一、二层石窟，使得B53窟废弃的年代至迟应在14世纪之初，而非13世纪末。文书所见沙州路总管府籴粮之事，或许与接济豳王出伯平乱战争中俘获的人口有关。

关键词：呈状;莫高窟北区;黑水城文献;沙州路;籴粮

中图分类号：G256.1  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）01-0073-05

Abstract：The“thirtieth year of the Zhiyuan era” in manuscript B53∶16， a lawsuit document found in the northern area of Mogao， has previously been regarded as the date during which the manuscript was written. This is， in fact， the date of another legal document referenced by this manuscript. The“Shazhou Tongzhi SiounsiBuqa”recorded in the slip provides a clue for dating. The official Sio'unsiBuqa was appointed to the position of“Tongzhi（an official title）” of the Ejin in 1307， indicating that the above manuscript was likely written in the years between 1302 and 1307. It can further be deduced that the first and second levels of the northern area caves were so flooded that cave B53 was abandoned at the beginning of the 14th century， rather than the end of the 13th century as previously supposed. The incidents of the Shazhou government buying grain recorded in the manuscript may have been intended as pecuniary aid for the prisoners captured by Lord Bin when he put down rebellions in northwest.

Keywords：lawsuit document; northern area of Mogao; Khara-Khoto documents; Shazhou Route; grain purchasing

自20世纪末敦煌研究院对莫高窟北区洞窟开展清理发掘工作以来，一批从北区洞窟中出土的各民族文字文书相继问世。在莫高窟北区崖面第二层出土的汉文文书中，B53：15无疑被认为是最为重要的发现之一，盖因文书中出现的“至元三十年”（1293）为北区崖面第二层所有石窟中出土文书的最晚年款，是判断莫高窟北区第二层石窟使用年代下限的珍贵资料。然而在核对原圖版、校对录文的基础上可以发现，“至元三十年”实际上并非这件文书的成文年代。笔者不揣浅陋，试结合黑水城出土的元代亦集乃路公文，就B53：15与B53：16这两件文书的成文年代与B53窟废弃的年代提出商榷性意见。

一 录文与校勘

B53：16文书，北区B53窟出土。《敦煌莫高窟北区石窟》叙录作“此文书系从西夏文《金光明胜王经》卷五封皮上揭取，有三片，为同一件文书。……