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悬泉汉简与伊存授经

2021-06-15刘屹刘菊林

敦煌研究 2021年1期

刘屹 刘菊林

内容摘要:悬泉汉简可为“伊存授经”的可靠性提供新的印证。首先,悬泉汉简中“大月氏简”,证实了西汉末年大月氏与汉朝通使的情况,呈现了“大月氏王”与“五翖侯”并存的状态。其次,悬泉汉简中“小浮屠里简”所蕴含的丰富信息,也大都与“伊存授经”所体现的大月氏佛教传统有关。还澄清了目前世界上年代最早的佛经写卷,并非大月氏佛教的产物,并梳理出公元前后大月氏接受佛教的史实。

关键词:悬泉汉简;小浮屠里简;伊存授经;大月氏佛教

中图分类号:G256;K877.5  文献标识码:A  文章编号:1000-4106(2021)01-0063-10

Abstract:The Han dynasty slips from Xuanquan provide new evidence that supports the reliability of “the scriptures dictated by Yi Cun.” First, the“Dayuezhi Slips” among the Han dynasty slips from Xuanquan have verified the historical fact that the Dayuezhi people and the Han Empire exchanged envoys with each other in the late Western Han dynasty. This interaction ultimately resulted in the coexistence of the“King of Dayuezhi”and the“Kings of the Western Regions.” Second, most of the information contained in the Xiaofutuli [Small Buddhist Pagoda] Slips is about the Buddhist traditions contained in“the scriptures dictated by Yi Cun.” This paper also clarifies that the earliest extant Buddhist manuscript in the world was not a product of the Buddhism of the Dayuezhi kingdom, and that the Dayuezhi converted to Buddhism around the time of the Christian era.

Keywords:Han dynasty slips from Xuanquan; Xiaofutuli Slips; scriptures dictated by Yi Cun; Dayuezhi Buddhism

(Translated by WANG Pingxian)

一 引 言

佛教何时初传中国,目前在学界尚未得出统一意见。原本关于西汉哀帝元寿元年(前2)大月氏使者伊存口授《浮屠经》的记载,最应受到重视。但因早期一些学者提出的质疑,长期没有得到有效澄清,使得“伊存授经”的可靠性不能确定。这些质疑意见主要包括:此事究竟发生在大月氏境内还是在中国境内;公元前2年时,是否有过大月氏与西汉之间的通使往来;“伊存授经”之时,大月氏是否已经信仰佛教;在不能确认“伊存授经”可信的情况下,不少学者宁愿相信直到东汉明帝时,佛教才正式传入中国;或是在二者之间取一折中,笼统地认为两汉之际,佛教始传中国。

如何理解佛教对中国的“初传”和“传入”?当中国人首次接触到佛教,允许佛教的经像、义理进入到中国社会和文化体系之时,即实现中国对佛教的认知“从无到有”的质变之际,是佛教对中国的“初传”?……

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