彭迪 夏添 贺景卫

摘要： “魏犨擒貘”是桃源刺绣的典型纹样，蕴含着鲜明的地域戏曲特征及深刻的文化内涵。文章为挖掘该纹样的民俗寓意，基于湖南省博物馆、桃源县博物馆、私人收藏的21幅清代和民国时期绣品实物，运用历史文献、田野调查、归纳对比等方法，先梳理“魏犨擒貘”纹样的“文本-戏曲-刺绣”发展脉络，再分析其艺术特征及地域文化内涵。研究表明：“魏犨擒貘”纹样来源于武陵戏传统剧目;人物装扮富有浓厚的武陵戏曲特色;纹样构图遵循表演程式、配色雅俗互鉴、针法毫发毕现。“魏犨擒貘”纹样体现了桃源百姓辟邪和护子的心理祈盼，具有忠勇、爱国的教化意义。

关键词： 桃源刺绣;魏犨擒貘;戏曲故事纹样;艺术特征;文化内涵

Abstract： "Wei Chou captures a tapir" is a representative pattern in Taoyuan embroidery， which contains distinctive regional opera characteristics and profound cultural connotations. This study is intended to excavate the folk significance of the pattern. To this end， the author， based on 21 pieces of embroidery of the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China from Hunan Provincial Museum， Taoyuan County Museum and private collections， analyzed the development process of "text-opera-embroidery" of the "Wei Chou captures a tapir" pattern and its artistic characteristics and regional cultural connotation by means of historical document review， field investigation， inductive contrast， etc. The research shows that the "Wei Chou captures a tapir" pattern comes from a traditional Wuling opera repertoire; the characters in the patterns dress up with strong characteristics of Wuling opera; the pattern composition follows performing form， the color matching is elegant and popular， and the stitches are tiny and clear. The pattern reflects the psychological hope of Taoyuan people to ward off evil spirits and protect their children. In addition， it is of educational significance of loyalty and patriotism.

Key words： Taoyuan embroidery; Wei Chou captures a tapir; the patterns of opera stories; artistic characteristics; cultural connotation

桃源刺繡是常德市第四批非物质文化遗产，分布于湖南省常德市桃源县境内。清代至民国时期，桃源刺绣存世多、艺术风格鲜明，具有湖湘历史、文化与艺术价值。然而，相比“四大名绣”之一的湘绣及湘西苗族、侗族、土家族等少数民族刺绣，桃源刺绣——这一湘北地区极富地域特色的汉族民间刺绣艺术缺乏关注，因而，深入探析其中典型戏曲题材纹样的艺术特征及文化内容，能够为保护性传承湖湘汉族民间刺绣艺术提供一定参考。

桃源县素有“戏窝子”之称，戏曲故事自然成为桃源刺绣的典型素材。既有研究从整体内容和审美意蕴方面做初步探讨：如严珞菲[1]简述了桃源刺绣中“七擒孟获”“辕门斩子”纹样内容，何洁汝[2]认为戏曲纹样之美学受到巫傩戏的影响。……