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百年西泠的独特印记

2021-03-26

文化交流 2021年2期
关键词:印学西泠孤山

一座孤山,一个百年名社,一枚印章,一种江南士大夫文化风气,这些告诉我们:自然景观的唯一性、艺术社团的世界影响力、篆刻金石历史的横贯几千年、文化范式和价值观的硕果仅存,四者融合,就构成了西泠印社最鲜明的无与伦比的“文化印记”。这不仅是“浙江文化印记”的核心组成部分,更是中国和世界“文化印记”的重要一环。

作为“浙江文化印记”中西泠印社的独特印记功能,我以为可以从三个方面来加以定位:一、无可争议的专业领袖;二、涵括百年的文史标志;三、作为西湖冠冕的景观审美。

专业印记

西泠印社给世人的印象,是篆刻艺术,是“印”与“中国印”。在中国古代传统艺术诸门类如诗书画印音舞曲剧中,只有印章和篆刻,是既直接联系着古代史、古代制度、古代器物、古代文字,又能体现出深厚蕴藉的文人趣味,还能作为社会政治经济生活和日常交往中“取信”实用功能而贯穿五千年历史的典范。“印学”一门,在古代是历史考古,在近代是艺术审美;而西泠印社,正是此中无可争议的代表,是引领时风的冠冕。其实,就商周战国秦汉的古玺汉印而言,置身浙江杭州的西泠印社本无地理优势,而以黄河流域的陕洛关中为核心扩大为晋冀鲁豫文化圈,才是上古文化的集聚中心地。然而,正是西泠印社一则利用长江流域的浙苏皖江南文人士大夫文化所孕育的篆刻文化,上承明清、遥接秦汉,又以其印史研究、收藏鉴定、编谱刊行的一系列引领行为,使西秦中原和苏皖浙沪,万法归宗,共同融汇为一个大“印学”,而依靠历史机缘,乃得由西泠来树帜张目。这种“专业印记”的世界性地位,在目前是世所公认的。

中国印文化,更以2008北京奥运会以“中国印”为会徽,使得“印章”“印信”文化概念与样式遍布世界五大洲。这些,都在加强、树立西泠印社所代表的传統文化、印文化方面,起到了一个非常积极、无可置疑的国家层面上的支撑作用。“浙江文化印记”构成中的“印记”二字,首先就直接落脚在西泠印社的“印”上。我们认为:“文化印记”本来可以有抽象的理解,但对于西泠印社而言,它却是一个最具体的物质的“印记”。单就“印记”二字的释词明义来说,百年西泠这样的优势,其他“文化印记”所包含的各种形式各种内容,恐怕未必有。

文史印记

西泠印社117年浩瀚而曲折的人文历史,则是又一个鲜明的“文化印记”。身处浙江省会杭州,在浙江文化的最中心地带,而且是贯穿从清末、民国、抗战到中华人民共和国成立、十年动乱、改革开放、新时期的各个遭遇坎坷磨难、走向发展繁荣的漫长历史时期,作为一个艺术社团,纵贯117年而始终不中断,这样的记录,别说在浙江,就是在全国,也是绝无仅有、独一无二的;而在这个“文史印记”中,最核心的当数西泠印社波澜壮阔的社史百年。从一个传统文人士大夫社团在杭州成立,到与上海联姻而延请吴昌硕出任社长,再到每年春秋两季雅集,逢十年大庆,赎回《汉三老讳字忌日碑》并建“三老石室”,抗战时对社址的守护,和在上海编《丁丑劫余印存》,延至1947、1948的补行雅集和马衡遥领社长,中华人民共和国成立后的张宗祥为恢复印社奔走呼吁,西泠印社六十大庆,动乱时期的孤山文物保护,直到改革开放后的改制、百年社庆……进入兴旺发达的新时代,由沙孟海、赵朴初、启功、饶宗颐等巨匠大师出掌社事,这些历史事实,都是一个个鲜明的“印记”,每一个史事背后都有一连串的感人故事。至于作为实例的“印记”文献,则有民国时期的《西泠印社小志》《西泠印社三十周年纪念刊》以及高式熊《西泠印社同人印传》、韩登安《西泠印社胜迹留痕》两部记人记地的重要印谱。二十世纪五十年代王福庵领衔的《西泠印社志稿》最称权威,是我们了解早期社史的主要依据;而百年社庆时期推出的《西泠印社百年图史》《西泠印社百年史料长编》,作为“左图右史”的百年社史全面梳理,起到了固化“印记”、留存历史记忆的重要作用。

实景印记

西泠印社是一个百年社团,但它更是一个实体的时空存在。有曰浙江的重心在杭州,杭州的中心在西湖,而西湖的核心在孤山;兼括里、外西湖,被称为西湖这顶皇冠上的明珠的孤山西泠印社的园林,带动了整个杭州西湖景观并营造出优雅清淡的文士气息。从数峰阁到柏堂、竹阁、石交亭、小龙泓洞、仰贤亭,再到宝印山房、山川雨露图书室、鸿雪径、凉堂、四照阁、题襟舘、华严经塔、观乐楼、汉三老石室、小盘谷、遁庵、还朴精庐……每一个景点每一座建筑,都是一种明确的文化“印记”,及时记录了西泠先贤创基立业的辛劳与坚强不屈的意志。每年春季清明祭祖、秋季重阳登高;社中长老新进,彬彬秩秩,云集孤山,追怀前贤,提点后学;百年之系,气聚而不散,正有赖于这一泓西湖一架孤山精美绝伦苦心孤诣雕琢几十年之社址“印记”之存在;而各类建筑中的大量匾额对联和各种摩崖刻石印人画像,与山水树木源泉池塘相映衬,更是一种存于天地之间的自然“印记”。这些景观,极大地丰富了西湖山水景观的人文内涵,又独立构成一个绝顶精致的、一步一景一移一观的小宇宙小世界,从而在一个喧嚣的现代社会中,完整地保存了一个中国古典文化静谧的精神世界和有形的物质空间。更进而言之,孤山园林景观和它背靠的千年西湖,和西泠印社印文化所依赖的浩瀚文化数千年历史,它们为当下提示出的,是在永恒无始终的时间绵延之维中,通过有形的山水“印记”物理空间,引带出永恒的人文“印记”心理空间。

西泠印社孤山园林的“印记”,还表现出一种充满了文史艺术基因的特定形态。清代章学诚有“人心营构之象”的著名学说,指中国诗书画印的自然对象,都不是简单的客观对象,而是在自然形式中,融入了“人心”(诗性、画境、书韵、印趣)的精心构筑意匠营造。从本质上说,章学诚所拈出的这个“人心营构”,落实在孤山园林景观空间的塑造上,正体现出作为文化历史“印记”的审美内涵所在。

没有孤山社址这个实景式“印记”,纵贯百年的西泠印社中人就不会有强烈而明确的归属感、凝聚力,也不会产生专业信仰与理想,更不会有持久永恒横跨百年四五代形成“接力赛”的耐力和毅力。

讨论“浙江文化印记”,重点是在“印记”——什么样的人、事、物,足以构成“印记”?昙花一现、转瞬即逝,或不具有典范意义的日常生活晨昏起居、衣食住行、吃喝拉撒,当然不足以构成“印记”。以此来看,西泠印社作为“印记”,它的地域规定是“浙江”,它的范畴规定是“文化”,而真正作为“印记”本体的,除了古今印章、百年社史、孤山园林这三大体征外,更有一个内向的和外向的丰富“印记”内容。

——先看外部“印记”的标识内容。

西泠印社在改革开放四十多年来,获得的在全国独有的定位与荣誉,计有如下多项:一是世界非物质文化遗产,二是国家级社团,三是国家级文物保护单位,四是国家级专业博物馆,五是国家级非物质文化遗产,六是国家级驰名商标……这些荣誉,放眼当下,任何一个艺术社团,得一即殊为不易,况有如此之众乎?

——再看内部“印记”的精确涵义。

117年之前的创社之初,吴昌硕与丁仁、王禔、叶铭、吴隐创社四子,即立下了宗旨:“保存金石、研究印学”。60年前的社庆,西泠中兴,前贤为全面包容计,又加了“兼及书画”。使今日所提倡的两大目标:“重振金石学”和“诗书画印综合(兼能)”,竟尔拥有了一个思想上和学术艺术的根本源头。这,当然就是一种思想的“印记”,纵贯117年迄今为止西泠独一无二的“印记”,这正是新时代浙江乃至全国、全世界“文化印记”在孤山西泠这一方净土的伸延发展和升华。

保存金石:“重振金石学”——传统文化的存亡继绝

首先,是1904年西泠印社拟创社宗旨八字方针中的第一句:“保存金石”。古代金石学从宋代欧阳修、赵明诚、李清照的开创树帜以下,直到清代康乾尤其是乾嘉道咸之间的金石考据学中兴崛起,两座历史高峰在前,直到清末仍然影响巨大。然而时至清末民国之际,废科举兴学堂办新学,“西学东渐”之风遍至,在新办初等小学堂高等小学堂中等师范学堂高等师范学堂一直到京师大学堂教育序列之中,其大学级在学科目录和课程中,传统“金石学”已经为考古之学等所替代,其学科内容已被分解消化到古文字学、古文献学、古碑帖学、古器物学、古典文学、考据辨伪之学等门类中去。而西泠印社审时度势,在当今时代郑重发起“重振金石学”,正是在以实际行动承传优秀传统文化。作为其“印记”的标识,目下正在推进的项目,一是倡导碑帖拓片题跋,二是恢复青铜器全形拓,三是拓展砚铭镌刻文化,四是重新恢复宋代以来的刻帖传统,以及逐步提升石碑镌刻、摩崖镌刻的水平。此外,凿铜切玉、塑陶炼瓷,都是古典金石学在今天呈现为“文化印记”的应有内容。

研究印学:“国际印学研究中心”——“东学西渐”的中国自信和远期目标

已故沙孟海先生对西泠印社的定位,明确指示要打造“國际印学研究中心”。这是上承1904年印社初创时八字方针中的第二句:“研究印学”,已经成为新时期西泠印社的最主导、最核心的社务工作目标。我们在百年社庆后,坚持每年有大小不同专题的学术研讨会,从“孤山证印”国际印学峰会,到全国印学研讨会和各专题的讨论会,每年著作论文的学术积累、道古述今,平均总在百万字数。若论印学研究,除金石学、碑帖学、印谱学、古玺印学等作为传统核心学术内容之外,更有新开拓的学术研究领域,如“图形印”“非汉字系统印章”“域外印章”“少数民族印章”“世界图纹与印记”等等,皆成为令人耳目一新的学术新创。此外,西泠印社早期社员社史研究、“重振金石学”研究、“封泥”研究、中国印谱史研究,以及徽浙文、何、丁、黄、邓、赵等等的印家研究和金石家研究等等,都是这数十年来西泠印社全社上下勠力同心、众志成城,而在学术研究中创造、拥有、形成的独特“文化印记”。尤其是已故饶宗颐社长对西泠印社提出要“东学西渐”的文化远见,而我们也以专业视角主动对接时事,在事关国策的“一带一路”的大布局中,以当代篆刻艺术的创作呼应之,这当是实实在在不断创造着新的国际化“文化印记”的重要之举。

兼及书画:“诗书画印综合(兼能)”——时风倡导与个人修为并重

自清末以来,办新学堂,建新学科,从古代作为传统旧学的经史子集“四部之学”,到西方舶来作为现代新学的文理法农工商医“七科之学”,呈现出一种学科独立细分、不断分析推演的精深学问建构方式。在文科中,原来是文史哲不分,清末尤其是民国以来,则是中文系历史系哲学系各科壁垒森严,互划鸿沟。在美术方面,则表现为绘画、雕塑与书法篆刻分科;绘画中又以油画国画版画水粉水彩素描速写分科;古代文人士大夫立场上的“诗书画印”一体的悠久传统,在近代新学的冲击下土崩瓦解、濒临危境。“分科”作为“美术”的西来立场,已成为时代需求,是时尚是新学;而“综合”作为“书画”的老旧立场,已渐渐为时代所遗忘。基于此,我们经过深思熟虑,反复斟酌,在百年西泠的社务改革中,特别提出要敢于反向而行:再次逆势倡导“诗书画印综合(兼能)”,以保存传统精华。西泠印社本身就是一个传统文艺社团,二十世纪六十年代又鉴于发展需要,增加“兼及书画”。但我们今天的倡导,并不是过去的简单翻版,而是在“综合”(观念认知和学科融汇立场)和“兼能”(社员个人能力)两个关键词之间下功夫。纵观近现代百年美术书画史,西泠印社的“诗书画印综合(兼能)”的提倡,是与时代错轨而行的大胆创新“印记”,是唯浙江、唯杭州、唯西泠才有的鲜明的“文化印记”。

“浙江文化印记”中的西泠印社,因其专业形态就是现成的“印”“记”而有着直截了当、一目了然、得天独厚的核心优势,但在今后,在浙江一方水土人文的丰厚滋养下,我们认定百年西泠还会创造出更多更有价值的“印记”,成为浙江的文化骄傲,更成为中国的文化标志。2008北京奥运会会徽已经有了一个极成功的开端,今后,由此孕育、培养、形成的充分的中国文化自信,必然会帮助我们不断寻找或拥有更多的中华文明和文化的发展机遇。

(作者系西冷印社副社长兼秘书长,题目为编者所加。感谢西泠印社为本栏目提供图片)

Unique Characteristics of Xiling Seal Art Society

The Xiling Seal Art Society is famed for its location on the scenic West Lake, its international influence, its focus on seal art which goes back to more than 2,000 years ago, and its cultural essence and value.

The society is unique because it has masters whose importance in the history of Chinese art is indisputable; it exists as a landmark of history and culture for more than 100 years; and it is part of the aesthetics of the West Lake, which is a site of UNESCO world cultural heritage.

The society stands for professionalism. Of all the things that have come down to us from very ancient times, seals and seal carving represent history, ancient systems, ancient artifacts, and ancient texts and scripts and calligraphic styles. Moreover, they convey the sentiments of literati masters. Seal studies in the ancient times were principally about history and archaeology and in modern times are essentially about art and aesthetics.

Since the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) up to present day, Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the south of the Yangtze River Delta have produced seal artists whose names are in the history of Chinese art. Though the region is far from the cradles of ancient Chinese dynasties in the Yellow River basin, seal artists in the region rediscovered the glory and splendor of the ancient calligraphy and seal engraving, and carried on the calligraphy and seal-carving tradition of the Qin (221-207BC) and the Han (206BC-220AD) dynasties. The seals created by these men of letters including painters, calligraphers, and poets express idiosyncrasies, sentiments, thoughts, and ideals. It is in their hands that seal studies have become an academic discipline and innovative cultural undertaking. The societys professionalism seen in seal studies is internationally recognized.

The seal art upheld by the society is not an abstract conception. It is real and it is huge. The Beijing 2008 Olympics emblem, unveiled in 2003, was a crystal-clear Chinese seal carved on a jade stone. The main part of the official emblem, a red dancing figure, resembles the Chinese character "京" (Beijing, capital), its free-style strokes symbolizing the energetic and open city of Beijing. The design well represents the spirit, characteristics and verve of the Chinese culture. Even “Beijing 2008”, the central part of the emblem between the seal above and the five rings underneath, is written in the calligraphic style with a brush pen, which also embodies seal art.

The 117-year history of the Xiling Seal Art Society abounds with culture. The society is a distinct cultural undertaking. Located in Hangzhou, capital city of the province and therefore the center of all things of the province, the society has seen the end of the Qing Dynasty, the birth of the Republic, the decades of political and military chaos, the wars, all kinds of tumults after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, its comeback and prosperity since the late 1970s. As a society of art, it is unique not only in Zhejiang but also in the entire country. The chronicle of the society details various events. Memoires and short histories penned by members of the society at different periods of the 117-year history keep so many historical figures and historical moments alive.

The physical beauty of the society on the West Lake testifies to the significance of the cultural institution. It is said that Hangzhou is the center of Zhejiang, the West Lake is the heart and soul of Hangzhou, and the Solitary Hill is the center of the West Lake. The nice reasoning, made jokingly, ends with this, leaving one to conclude that the society is one of the best cultural attractions of the lake zone. The venue snuggles comfortably at the foot and perched on the western end of the Solitary Hill. It is like a garden. The garden is composed of various ancient structures, nothing looking grand and everything seeming miniaturized. Yet it is complete, full of poetic couplets as well as images and inscriptions carved on rocks. The Xiling Society looks like a museum, suggesting a physical and tangible mix of cultural space and time.

Shortly after the establishment of the society, Wu Changshuo and four founders identified the societys mission: preserve the inscriptions on ancient bronzes and stone tablets and promote seal studies. No other cultural institutions in China have a similar mission.

Xiling Seal Art Society preserves ancient inscriptions on bronzes and stone tablets. There were two important peaks in the history of studies of the inscriptions on ancient bronzes and stone tablets. The studies first flourished in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), promoted by Ouyang Xiu, Zhao Mingcheng and his wife Li Qingzhao. The second peak appeared in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) when scholars worked as archaeologists and studied ancient texts copied from bronzes and stone tablets. When the modern western-styled education system was established in China, the studies of inscriptions on bronzes and stone tablets, first of all, were partly replaced by archaeology and other disciplines such as studies of the ancient philology, studies of inscriptions on ancient bronzes and stone tablets, studies of ancient artifacts, ancient literature, textual criticism and research.

Xiling Seal Art Society promotes seal studies. The society has wanted to promote seal studies for a long time. Sha Menghai (1900-1992), who headed the society from 1979 to 1992, set up the aim for the society to be the international center for seal studies. The society now holds seminars and workshops on various subjects including inscriptions on ancient bronzes and stone tablets, rubbings of stone tablets, seal prints, and ancient government seals. In addition to such traditional subjects, scholars and artists of the society have broadened their studies to graphic seals, non-Chinese-character seals, international seals, seals used by minorities in China. History is a focus of seal studies, including the history of the society and its members in the early decades, important seal artists in history, scholars and collectors of inscriptions on ancient bronzes and stone tablets in history, the history of seal prints in China, etc.

Painting and calligraphy are an essential part of the societys mission now. In the early years of the society, the organizations mission didnt include painting and calligraphy. In old days, scholars were versatile: they painted and wrote calligraphy, they composed poems and penned essays. If they passed imperial examinations, they were appointed to government positions. In modern times, art education isnt as comprehensive as it was in the past. In the modern education system, an artist may be a master painter, but his calligraphy can be mediocre, and very probably he cant even be called a poet or an essayist. The society now goes against this intricate array of academic disciplines. It wants members to know more about other disciplines and wants its members to be all-rounded artists.

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