张俊娜　王冲　张东　杨晨

摘要： 通过对60个农户跟踪调研，利用边界线分析法，研究了小农户果园管理行为对苹果园郁闭度的影响。结果表明：果园郁闭度范围为0.49～0.93，小农户生产条件下郁闭度差异的产生由诸多因素综合导致，包括农户特征、栽培管理、养分投入等，其中农户年龄、种植年限、树龄以及氮肥施用量和氮肥基追比对果园郁闭度的贡献率分别是12.72%、5.33%、4.29%、3.79%、3.68%，是影响果园郁闭度的关键因素;不同郁闭度果园，果实品质存在显著差异，其中果园郁闭度与果实单果质量、可溶性固形物含量、果实红色程度（a*）均呈显著负相关关系，与果实光泽度（L*）、黄色程度（b*）呈显著正相关关系。因此，规范小农户生产管理行为，推动郁闭果园改造，对提升果实品质、推动当地苹果产业绿色发展具有重要意义。

关键词： 苹果;果园;郁闭度;边界线分析;农户行为;果实品质

中图分类号： S661.1 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1000-4440（2021）01-0163-06

Effect of smallholder farmers management behavior on the canopy density of apple orchard

ZHANG Jun-na， WANG Chong， ZHANG Dong， YANG Chen

（College of Resources and Environment，China Agricultural University，Beijing 100193，China）

Abstract： The effect of smallholder farmers' management on the canopy density of apple orchard was studied by follow-up survey of 60 farmers using boundary line analysis method. The results showed that the canopy density of orchards ranged from 0.49 to 0.93， the differences in canopy density under production conditions of smallholder farmers were comprehensively caused by many factors， including characteristics of farmers， cultivation management and nutrient input. The key factors affecting orchard canopy density were farmers′ age， planting years， tree age， applying dosage of nitrogen fertilizer and the ratio of basic nitrogen fertilizer to additional nitrogen fertilizer， their contribution rates to orchard canopy density were 12.72%， 5.33%， 4.29%， 3.79% and 3.68%， respectively. The fruit quality showed significant differences in orchards with different canopy densities. The canopy density of orchards was significantly negative correlated with single fruit weight， content of soluble solids and redness of fruits （a*）， and was significantly positive correlated with fruit gloss （L*） and yellowness （b*）. Therefore， it is of great significance to regulate the production management behavior of smallholder farmers and to promote the transformation of canopy orchards for improving the quality of fruits and promoting the green development of local apple industry.

Key words： apple;orchard;canopy density;boundary line analysis;farmers′ behavior;fruit quality

中国是苹果生产大国，2018年中国苹果总产量达3.924×107 t，种植面积为2.07×106 hm2，面积和产量均占世界的40%以上[1]。适宜的栽植密度、合理的群体结构和个体空间分布，是实现苹果优质丰产的关键[2]。20 世纪 80 年代末 90 年代初，为促进早果丰产，90%以上的果园均采用乔砧密植栽培，由于栽植密度大、主枝数量多以及修剪方式不当等原因，绝大多数果园发生不同程度的郁闭现象[3]，影响果树树冠内的光照分布与光能利用水平，限制树冠叶片的光合生产能力，導致树体的营养生殖生长水平和生长发育状况失衡，最终体现出果实品质和产量的下降[4-5]。……