作者简介：石玥（1998—），女，研究生在读，研究方向为日语语言学。

摘要：比较，是全世界人类共有的认知活动。《马氏文通》将“比较”这一概念划分为“平比”“ 差比”“极比”这3个范畴，这样的概念反映到不同的语言中会产生各不相同的外在形式。观察汉语和日语的差比句可以看出，组成汉日语差比句的成分均为“比较主体、比较标记、比较基准与比较结果”，然而两种语言差比句的语序却并不相同。另外，在表达差比的句式中，无论是汉语还是日语，除了基本语序之外都存在另一种语序，这种第二语序和基本语序之间的差别，可以从比较主体的主题化和比较基准的焦点化两个方面入手加以分析。另外，汉日语差比句的基本语序的否定形式也可以根据语义和语法分析的方法相互对应。但该文以形容词作比较结果的差比句为中心，对汉日语差比句的比较主体、比较基准和否定形式的对应进行了粗浅的分析，但除了形容词差比句外，汉日语中都不乏以动词或名词充当比较结果的句式[1]。希望能在后续的研究中继续深入探索。

关键词：差比句  比较主体  比较基准  比较结果  主题化  焦点化  否定形式

中图分类号：H314文献标识码：A   文章编号：1672-3791（2021）12（c）-0000-00

Abstract： Comparison is a common cognitive activity of human beings all over the world. Mahalanobis Wentong divides the concept of "comparison" into three categories： "equal ratio"， "difference ratio" and "extreme ratio". This concept will produce different external forms in different languages. By observing the comparative sentences in Chinese and Japanese， we can see that the components of the comparative sentences in Chinese and Japanese are "comparative subject， comparative mark， comparative benchmark and comparative result". However， the word order of the comparative sentences in the two languages is different. In addition， in the sentence patterns expressing difference ratio， there is another word order in both Chinese and Japanese in addition to the basic word order. The difference between the second word order and the basic word order can be analyzed from two aspects： the theme of the comparative subject and the focus of the comparative benchmark. In addition， the negative forms of the basic word order of Chinese and Japanese comparative sentences can also correspond to each other according to the methods of semantic and grammatical analysis. However， this paper takes the comparative sentence with adjectives as the comparison result as the center， and makes a superficial analysis on the correspondence of the comparative subject， comparative benchmark and negative form of the comparative sentence between Chinese and Japanese. However， except for the comparative sentence with adjectives， there are many sentence patterns in Chinese and Japanese with verbs or nouns as the comparison result. I hope to continue to explore in-depth in the follow-up research.

Key Words： Comparative sentence; Comparative subject; Baseline; Comparison results; Topicalization; Focus; Negative form

“比較”，是人类生活中常见的认知活动。《新华词典》将“比较”一词释义为：“就两种或两种以上同类的事物辨别异同或高下”，《马氏文通》将“比较”这一概念划分为“平比”“差比”“极比”这3个范畴，这通常是学术界公认的最早的关于比较句的研究。……