安徽省水稻化肥减施增效技术集成模式效果评估
2021-03-01王家宝王文军张祥明袁嫚嫚邬刚孙义祥马朝红
王家宝 王文军 张祥明 袁嫚嫚 邬刚 孙义祥 马朝红



摘要 为了探索水稻化肥减施新途径,实现农业绿色发展,依托科技部国家重点研发计划“化肥农药减施增效技术应用研究”项目,2017—2019年在安徽省不同水稻种植区开展了水稻机械旱条直播一次性施肥技术、水稻机械化秧肥同步一次性施肥技术和水稻机械穴直播一次性施肥技术模式示范研究,并对3种减肥技术模式的减肥效果进行了评估。结果表明,较常规施肥,采用化肥减施技术模式后,水稻可减肥23.2%~26.3%,同时增产5.9%~13.0%,氮肥利用率提升9.0%~22.0%,經济效益增加1 150~2 751元/hm2。各减肥技术模式对于水稻增产、提高肥料利用率均有显著作用,适宜在安徽省大规模推广。
关键词 水稻;化肥减施;肥料利用率;经济效益
中图分类号 S506 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2021)03-0152-04
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.03.042
Abstract In order to explore a new way to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer in rice and realize the green development of agriculture, relying on the national key research and development plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology, “application research on the technology of reducing the application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide and increasing efficiency”. From 2017 to 2019, demonstration studies were carried out in different rice planting areas of Anhui Province, including onetime fertilization technology of rice mechanical dry strip direct seeding, synchronous onetime fertilization technology of rice mechanized seedling fertilizer and onetime fertilization technology mode of rice mechanical hole direct seeding in different rice planting areas of Anhui Province, and the weight loss effect of three modes was evaluated. The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization, the rice could reduce fertilizer by 23.2% - 26.3%, increase yield by 5.9% - 13.0%, increase nitrogen use efficiency by 9.0% - 22.0%, and increase economic benefits by 1 150-2 751 yuan/hm2. The results showed that all the fertilizer reduction techniques had significant effects on increasing rice yield and improving fertilizer utilization rate, which was suitable for largescale promotion in Anhui Province.
Key words Rice;Fertilizer reduction;Fertilizer utilization rate;Economic benefits
水稻是我国最重要的谷类作物之一,其种植面积为全国粮食播种面积的24%左右,达3.02×107 hm2[1]。作为粮食的“粮食”,在保障农作物产量方面,化肥发挥着不可替代的作用。但化肥的过量施用所带来的生产成本上升、环境退化和农产品质量安全等一系列问题,已成为制约我国农业可持续发展的重要因素[2-5]。
研究表明,通过养分优化管理措施,在保证水稻产量的同时,氮肥可减施20%以上,化肥利用效率也有显著提升[6]。胡时友等[7]通过集成有机肥替代、中微量元素配施、氮肥后移等技术模式,水稻产量、品质以及经济效益均得到提升。转变传统的化肥施用以及水稻种植模式,推广化肥减施增效技术是实现农业绿色发展的有效途径[8]。……
