噪声对特质焦虑人群注意分散影响分析研究
2021-01-07包佳仪周前祥白银杰
包佳仪 周前祥 白银杰




摘要:噪声作为一种广泛性发生的负性事件,可引发焦虑情绪,导致注意分散。本文通过状态-特质问卷筛选出符合要求的高焦质和低焦质两组被试,噪声水平为安静(<30 dB)、50dB和70dB白噪声组,设计任务并采用E-Prime呈现,记录事件相关单位,并分析其成分中的P300波幅,基于双因素方差法进行数据处理。结果表明焦虑水平、噪声水平及其交互作用对错误数目以及反应时没有明显的影响;安静时,高焦质组P300波幅显著高于低焦质组,在50dB和70dB均下降且差異不显著;低焦质组P300波幅在50dB噪声下呈下降趋势,在70dB噪声下下降不明显。
关键词:白噪声 特质焦虑 P300 行为学 注意分散
Effect of Noise on the Attention Distraction of Trait Anxiety People
BAO Jiayi* ZHOU Qianxiang BAI Yinjie
(School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China)
Abstract: As a widespread negative event, noise can cause anxiety and distraction. In this article, two groups, such as high trait anxiety group (HTA) and low trait anxiety group (LTA) were defined according to state-trait questionnaire. The intensity of white noise in the experiment included quiet(<30dB), 50dB and 70dB. Design the task and present it with E-Prime, and then record the EPR when subjects perform the task. The two-factor analysis of variance was used to deal with behavioral data and the amplitude of P300. The results show that anxiety level, noise level and their interaction have no significant effect on the number of errors and reaction time. The amplitude of P300 for HTA is significantly higher than that for LTA under quiet condition. The amplitude for HTA drops and shows no obvious difference at 50 dB and 70 dB. The amplitude for LTA drops at 50 dB and has no obvious drop at 70 dB.
Key Words: White noise; Trait anxiety; P300; Behavior; Attention distraction
作为一种广泛性发生的负性事件,噪声不仅会损害人的听觉系统,还会导致中枢神经系统、免疫系统以及心血管系统等的生理甚至病理学的改变,甚至会影响大脑的认知功能,带来多种消极效应[1]。过度的噪声会对人的认知和行为活动产生负面的影响。由于高焦虑特质人群具有较高的负情绪唤醒水平,容易产生较多的焦虑,因此噪声可能对他们的危害会更大[2]。Eysenck[3]指出焦虑情绪会影响注意抑制功能,如果注意抑制失败,注意会被分散,进而会影响机体的认知行为。现有研究表明,噪声会诱导焦虑情绪,而不同焦虑特质的个体对焦虑的负情绪唤醒水平不同[4]。
国内外学者认为P300电位与人类的认知功能、心理活动有关,与定向活动及注意相联系。吴文等人[5]研究发现注意与P300间存在极强的相关性,随着注意分散程度增加,P300电位潜伏期逐渐延长,波幅逐渐降低。……
