摘 要 官员退休通称致仕等，是中国古代封建王朝的重要议题。经过各个时期的不断调整，宋朝致仕制度也逐渐臻于完善。有宋一代，虽则出现了以王彦超为代表的一批知止而退的致仕官员，但年及而愿退者依然较少，官员恋栈现象仍然时有发生。导致官员恋栈的原因是多方面的，就主观层面而言，部分及年应退官员，或基于生计考虑，或缘于贪恋权财，而故作不知退。就客观层面而言，宋朝致仕标准“朝令夕改”，具有极强的随意性特点，既褒奖提前退休，又额外奖励按时致仕，亦或惩处或者认可到时不退者，使得官员面对如此繁杂的情况，属实不知该退还是不该退，有些无所适从。最终他们在善变的致仕制度中徘徊前进，不知所措。

关键词 宋朝 致仕官员 恋栈 主观因素 制度因素

中图分类号 K244 文献标识码 A 收稿日期 2019-06-24

★作者简介：郭浪，青海师范大学人文学院2017级硕士研究生，研究方向为宋史。

Abstract Retirement of officials is generally called Zhi Shi， which is an important topic in ancient Chinese feudal dynasties. Through the constant adjustment of different periods， the official retirement system in Song Dynasty was gradually perfected. In Song Dynasty， although there were a number of retired officials represented by Wang Yanchao， there were still few officials who were willing to retire at their retiring age and the phenomenon of being unwilling to leave ones official post still happened from time to time. There are reasons in many aspects that caused officials to cling to their posts. On the subjective level， some officials who should have retired but did not retire worried about their livelihood or bore lust for power and money. On the objective level， the standard of official retirement system in Song Dynasty was "constantly changing"， which was highly arbitrary in that it not only rewarded early retirement， but also gave extra rewards to those who did not retire on time， and it punished or recognized those who did not retire when the time came， making the officials facing such a complicated situation do not really know whether to retire or not and some of them were at a loss about what to do. In the end， they were stuck in the capricious official retirement system without knowing what to do.

Keyword Song Dynasty; retiring official; unwillingness to leave ones official post; subjective factor; institutional factor

一、宋朝官员致仕与恋栈现象

官员的进退问题是中国古代封建王朝的核心议题与难题。就退而言，中国古代官员的退休称致仕、致政或休政等。宋朝刚建国不久，宋太祖和太宗两朝亟需大量人才，故而对官员致仕未做过多的要求。直到真宗咸平五年（1002）才以诏令的形式首次明确了宋代官员的退休年龄：“文、武官年七十以上求退者，许致仕。因病及有赃犯者，听从便。”[1]52即若官员的年龄满足七十岁就可申请致仕。“宋代经济处于中国封建经济发展的两个马鞍型中的最高峰。……