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加速康复外科理念对高龄患者全膝关节置换术后康复的影响

2020-10-09芦海燕杜少杰杨立强

中国医药导报 2020年24期
关键词:全膝关节置换术高龄

芦海燕 杜少杰 杨立强

[摘要] 目的 探討加速康复外科理念对高龄骨性关节炎患者全膝关节置换术后康复的影响。 方法 选择2018年1月—2020年1月北京市东城区第一人民医院择期行膝关节置换术的高龄患者86例,根据随机数字表法分为E组和T组,E组(n = 43)应用加速康复外科理念指导围术期管理,T组(n = 43)采用常规治疗。记录术前及术后24 h匹兹堡睡眠质量评分(PQSI),术后24 h恶心呕吐评分(PONV),入院第2天、术日晨、术后24 h及48 h空腹血糖水平,术后24、48 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),术前及术后7 d膝关节综合评分(AKS),术前禁饮时间、术中液体出入量情况、初次下床活动时间及住院时间。 结果 T组术后24 h PQSI评分高于术前,E组24 h PQSI评分低于T组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);E组术日晨、术后24 h及48 h空腹血糖与T组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),T组各时间点空腹血糖比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),E组入院第2天和术日晨空腹血糖比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),其余时间点比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);术后24 h及48 h VAS评分E组均低于T组,T组术后48 h VAS评分低于术后24 h,比较差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);术后7 d AKS评分两组组间及组内比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);两组在禁饮时间、初次下床活动时间、住院时间、输入液体总量、出血量及尿量比较,差异有统计学意义(均P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 结论 加速康复外科理念对高龄骨性关节炎患者全膝关节置换术围术期快速康复影响显著,能够明显改善患者围术期不适,保持内环境稳定,有利于术后康复并减少住院时间。

[关键词] 加速康复外科学;高龄;全膝关节置换术;围术期快速康复

[中图分类号] R473.6          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)08(c)-0177-04

Influence of the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery on the rehabilitation of elderly patients after total knee arthroplasty

LU Haiyan1   DU Shaojie2   YANG Liqiang3

1.Department of Anesthesiology, the First People′s Hospital of Dongcheng District, Beijing   100075, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Handan Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Handan   056001, China; 3.Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing   100053, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery on the rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritis after total knee arthroplasty. Methods From January 2018 to January 2020, 86 elderly patients undergoing knee arthroplasty in the First People′s Hospital of Dongcheng District, Beijing were selected. Group E and Group T were divided according to the random number table method. Group E (n = 43) was guided by the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery during perioperative management, while group T (n = 43) was treated with routine therapy. Pittsburgh sleep quality score (PQSI) was recorded before surgery and 24 h after surgery and nausea and vomiting score (PONV) was recorded 24 h after surgery. Fasting blood glucose levels on the second day of admission, the morning of surgery, 24 h and 48 h after surgery, visual analogue scale (VAS) at 24 h and 48 h after surgery, the Amercian knee society (AKS) before and seven days after surgery, preoperative duration of abstinence, intraoperative fluid inflow and outflow, time of first getting out of bed and length of stay were recorded. Results PQSI score 24 h after surgery in group T was higher than that before surgery, and PQSI score at 24 h after surgery in group E was lower than that in group T, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05); Compared with group T, fasting blood glucose in group E on the morning of operation, 24 h and 48 h after operation showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Comparison of fasting blood glucose in T group at each time point showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose and on the second day of admission and the morning of operation in group E (P > 0.05). The differences between the remaining time points were statistically significant (all P < 0.05); VAS score at 24 h and 48 h after surgery in group E were lower than those in group T, and 48 h after surgery in group T was lower than that 24 h after surgery, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05); AKS scores on seven days after surgery showed statistically significant differences between and within the two groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the duration of abstinence, time of first getting out of bed, length of hospital stay, total amount of fluid input, blood loss and urine output (all P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion The concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery has a significant impact on the perioperative rapid rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritis, which can significantly improve the perioperative discomfort of patients, maintain a stable internal environment, and is conducive to postoperative rehabilitation and reduce the length of hospital stay.

[Key words] Enhanced recovery after surgery; Elderly; Total knee arthroplasty; Perioperative rapid rehabilitation

膝关节骨性关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)发病率逐年上升,研究表明[1-2],截至2012年我国近20万例患者接受了全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA),术后康复成为其重要组成部分。Henrik Kehlet首次提出加速康复外科(ehhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念[3],采用有询证医学证据的优化措施,减少创伤应激,达到快速康复目的[4]。本研究探讨ERAS理念对高龄骨性关节炎患者TKA后快速康复的影响。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2018年1月—2020年1月北京市东城区第一人民医院(以下简称“我院”)择期行TKA的高龄患者86例。患者及家属同意后签署知情同意书。根据随机数字表法分为快速康复的E组(n = 43)及常规治疗的T组(n = 43)。纳入标准:①年龄60~81岁;②美国麻醉医师协会分级(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ级。排除标准:①凝血功能障碍患者;②穿刺部位感染、血肿患者;③恶性肿瘤患者。两组性别、年龄、身高、体重指数(BMI)比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 T组  术前两周戒烟酒。控制血压< 150/90 mmHg[5](1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa),血糖6.1~7.8 mmol/L[6-7],血红蛋白(Hb)>100 g/L。麻醉医生及护士共同访视患者,宣教ERAS理念及流程。术前12 h口服短效安定类药物。术前8 h禁肉类食物,6 h禁固体及乳制品,术前2 h饮清水≤5 mL/kg。麻醉前行股神经及坐骨神经阻滞,分别给予0.25%罗哌卡因(AstraZeneca AB,批号:NAVW)20 mL和25 mL。麻醉后放置尿管并早期拔除。术中体温管理及限制性输液[8](<1500 mL)。手术开始即泵入右美托咪定0.1 μg/(kg·h)(扬子江制药有限公司,批号:19010431)镇静。应用个体化血液管理方案(patient blood management,PBM)进行血液回收输注。

1.2.2 E组  访视患者,评估基本情况。术前禁食水8 h。焦虑者术前晚口服安定类药物。手术开始给予咪达唑仑0.04 mg/kg(江苏恩华药业股份有限公司,批号:20180105)镇静。

两组均应用腰硬联合麻醉,蛛网膜下腔给予1%罗哌卡因1.5 mL(AstraZeneca AB,批号:NAVW)+5%葡萄糖1.5 mL(中国大冢制药有限公司,批号:9K86J1)。术毕均安装静脉自控镇痛泵(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA):舒芬太尼1 μg/kg(宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,批号:81B10011)+托烷司琼15 mg(西南药业股份有限公司,批号:1811001),0.9%生理盐水(中国大冢制药有限公司,批号:9J83J3)稀释为200 mL,背景剂量1 mL/h,追加剂量2 mL/h,锁定时间30 min。手术及麻醉操作均由同一手术医师及麻醉医师完成。

1.3 观察与评价指标

记录术前及术后24 h匹兹堡睡眠质量评分(PQSI)[9],术前及术后7 d膝关节综合评分(AKS)[10],入院第2天、术日晨、术后24 h及48 h空腹血糖,术后24 h恶心呕吐评分(PONV)[11],术后24 h及48 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)[12]。记录禁饮时间、术中液体出入量情况(输入液体总量、出血量及尿量)、初次下床活动时间及住院院时间。

路桃影等[13]、Zheng[14]按国内常模将PQSI评分划分7个维度,每个维度0~3分,总分0~21分,总分越高睡眠质量越差。PONV评分中视觉模拟评分法最常用[15],取10 cm直尺,0端表示无恶心呕吐,10端表示最严重恶心呕吐。AKS评分包括膝评分100分(疼痛50分、膝关节活动度25分、稳定性25分)和功能评分100分(行走距离50分,上下楼梯50分,使用辅助工具者相应减分)。VAS评分:0分表示无痛,10分表示最剧烈疼痛。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,配对资料采用配对t检验;计数资料采用百分率表示,重复测量资料采用重复测量方差分析,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组PQSI及PONV评分比较

两组术前PSQI评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),E组术后24 h PSQI评分低于T组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),T组术后24 h PQSI評分高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),E组组内比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。T组术后24 h PONV评分高于E组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.2 两组空腹血糖比较

不满足对称性检验P = 0.003,按Greenhoue-Geisser法获取F值和P值。F时间×组间 = 60.650;P时间×组间<0.001,提示存在交互作用,进一步分析单独效应:组内比较:T组各个时间点血糖比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05),术后24 h高于入院第2天、术日晨、术后48 h;E组入院第2天血糖和术日晨比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),其他时间点比较差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),术后24 h大于入院第2天、术日晨、术后48 h(P < 0.05)。组间比较:入院第2天两组血糖比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),其余各时间点比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表3。

2.3 两组VAS及AKS评分比较

E组术后24、48 h VAS评分明显低于T组(P < 0.05),T組术后48 h VAS评分低于术后比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),E组组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。E组术后7 d AKS评分高于T组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),两组术后7 d AKS评分均明显高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表4。

2.4 两组禁饮时间、初次下床活动时间、住院时间比较

E组禁饮时间、初次下床活动时间及住院时间均明显短于T组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。见表5。

2.5 两组液体出入量比较

液体输入总量E组明显低于T组,出血量及尿量也均明显少于T组(均P < 0.01)。见表6。

3 讨论

TKA能够重建关节功能,提高生活质量[16-19],是治疗KOA的有效方法[20-21],但手术创伤大,围术期管理不当会导致关节功能恢复不良等[22]。应用ERAS可减轻应激反应、提高术后舒适度、促进康复。

本研究将ERAS应用于高龄患者TKA围术期管理,结果显示疼痛、睡眠、恶心呕吐反应及膝关节功能治疗效果均显著优于传统治疗。禁饮时间缩短,患者术日晨血糖接近术前血糖水平,由于创伤应激,术后血糖均有波动,但ERAS波动小于传统治疗,同时实施术中控制性输液[23-24],降低前负荷,减少氧耗[25],出血量及尿量减少。ERAS镇痛充分,早期进行功能锻炼促进康复,缩短住院时间。自体血液回输减少创伤所致红细胞丢失,提高携氧能力,对术后认知功能影响小[26]。

麻醉管理是围术期规范化管理的重要组成部分,是促进术后康复的重要环节,最大限度地减少焦虑和应激反应,提高依从性[27]。近期有研究提出“预康复”理念[28],即在术前提高患者各项功能水平,优化生理储备,提高应激阈值等,将ERAS理念拓宽到术前麻醉门诊的评估及自主训练指导等,制订更加个体化的康复方案。

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(收稿日期:2019-03-10)

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