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新生儿败血症的诊疗进展

2020-06-08洪美婷敖当

中国医学创新 2020年13期

洪美婷 敖当

【摘要】 新生儿败血症(neonatal septicemia,NS)是指新生儿期感染并可培养出各种致病菌所引起的全身炎症反应综合征。新生儿是一个特殊的群体,虽然医疗条件、环境卫生日渐改善,仍然是威胁新生儿生命的重大疾病之一,因此对新生儿败血症进行早期识别、早期诊断、早期治疗显得尤为重要。但新生儿败血症缺乏特异性,且血培养作为诊断败血症的金标准有所需时间长、阳性率低的特点,对诊断具有一定的难度。因此本文将对新生儿败血症的高危因素、临床表现、病原体分析及实验室检查进行论述。

【关键词】 新生儿败血症 早发败血症 晚发败血症 血培养

Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Septicemia/HONG Meiting, AO Dang. //Medical Innovation of China, 2020, 17(13): -172

[Abstract] Neonatal septicemia (NS) refers to systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by neonatal infection and culturing various pathogenic bacteria. Newborn is a special group, although the medical conditions and environmental hygiene are improving day by day, it is still one of the major diseases that threaten the life of newborn, so it is particularly important to early identify, early diagnosis and early treatment of NS. However, NS is lack of specificity, and it takes a long time and low positive rate for blood culture as the gold standard for the diagnosis of septicemia, which is difficult to diagnose. Therefore, this paper will discuss the high risk factors, clinical manifestations, pathogen analysis and laboratory examination of NS.

[Key words] Neonatal septicemia Early-onset sepsis Late-onset sepsis Blood culture

First-authors address: Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2020.13.042

新生兒败血症在存活新生儿中的发病率为4.5‰~9.7‰[1],虽然医疗条件、环境卫生日渐改善,仍是严重威胁新生儿生命的重大疾病。除外界因素影响,还有新生儿免疫器官及系统发育相对不成熟,抵抗力相对低下,故对外界环境适应力差,生存能力弱,使得新生儿容易发生各种感染,且感染容易进一步发展成全身炎症反应综合征,甚至感染性休克,最后导致死亡。加之近年来,病原谱发生变化,如B族链球菌(group B streptococcus,GBS)在早发败血症(earLy-onset sepsis,EOS)中检出有增高趋势[2],同时由于侵入性操作的增加,广谱抗生素的大量应用,条件致病菌、多重耐药菌、真菌引起的脓毒症日渐增多,据近5年的研究显示,新生儿败血症的发病率下降极为缓慢[3],甚至文献[4]报道重症败血症的发病率有逐年增高的趋势。

1986年中华医学会儿科学分会新生儿学组制定了“新生儿败血症诊断标准初步方案”[5],随着对疾病的认识,医疗技术的提高,于2003年又制定了“新生儿败血症诊疗方案”[6]。……

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