失地农民的职业流动及其影响因素分析
2020-05-13马君于莉
马君 于莉
摘 要:通过分析文献资料发现,目前失地农民面临着职业流动频繁、职业层次低、向上流动困难及职业流动两极化严重等问题,主要受到宏观户籍制度、土地征用制度和经济发展因素及微观人力资本和社会资本因素的影响。为了改善失地农民职业流动状况,有必要改革完善户籍制度和土地征用制度、营造公平开放的劳动力市场环境、建立健全失地农民社会保障体系、促进产业结构和劳动力结构优化升级,加强对失地农民的职业技能培训、引导失地农民提升人力资本、拓展社会网络。
关键词:城市化;失地农民;职业流动;影响因素
中图分类号:C912.81文献标识码:A文章编号:1006-060X(2020)03-0091-05
Abstract: Through the analysis of the literature system, it is found that the landless farmers are facing the problems of frequent occupation flow, low occupation level, difficulties of upward mobility and serious polarization of occupation flow, which are mainly affected by the macro household registration system, land acquisition system, economic development factors, micro human capital and social capital factors. In order to improve the status of occupation flow of landless farmers, it is necessary to reform and improve the household registration system and land acquisition system, create a fair and open labor market environment, establish and improve the social security system of landless farmers, promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure and labor structure, strengthen the vocational skills training of landless farmers, guide landless farmers to improve human capital and expand social network.
Key words: urbanization; landless farmers; occupation mobility; influence factors
改革开放后,我国进入了城市化与工业化快速发展时期,截至2018年我国城镇化水平已经达到59.58%[1]。城镇化、工业化的发展和农业用地被征用,必然导致大量失地农民的产生。据统计,截至2017年底,我国约有5 000万~6 000万失地农民,按照新常态下城镇化发展速度估计,到2020年我国失地农民将会超过1亿人[2]。土地是基本的物质生存资料,失去土地对农民来说意味着失去了重要经济来源,失地农民不得不转向非农就业,以维持个人的生存及发展。如何确保失地农民实现再就业,促进失地农民实现向上的职业流动,是城市化过程中需要思考的重要问题,也是促进失地农民融入城市的重要方式。
表面上来看,职业流动是指劳动者在各种因素的影响下变换工作的过程,但职业流动本质上是劳动者在社会结构中通过变换工作寻求社会地位改变的过程[3]。……
