易丙兰

摘 要 1927—1929年“满蒙悬案”交涉是田中外交及其满蒙积极政策在东北的推演。此次交涉中，田中外交呈现出多方参与、多地进行、多线并进的特点。尽管日本各参与者在解决“满蒙悬案”、贯彻东方会议的目标上是一致的，但在具体策略和路径上却意见不一，造成日本交涉中一定程度的无序状态。“满蒙悬案”交涉涉及奉系基本利益，张作霖、张学良两代奉系政权均无意做出全面让步，不能满足日本要求。最终，田中外交未能实现既定目标，奉系与日本的矛盾持续激化。

关键词 田中外交 “满蒙悬案” 张作霖 张学良 九一八事变

Abstract From 1927 to 1929， the negotiations in the “Manchu-Mongolia suspended cases” between Japan and China were a demonstration of Tanaka Giichis diplomatic policy. Tanaka's diplomacy was characterized by multi-party participation， multi-place and multi-line progress. Although all the Japanese participants were consistent in resolving the Manchu-Mongolia suspended cases and implementing the objectives of the Oriental Conference， they had different opinions on specific strategies and paths， which resulted in the disordered state in Japanese negotiations to some extent. The negotiations in Manchu-Mongolia suspended cases involved the basic interests of Feng Xi warlords， so Zhang Zuolin and Zhang Xueliang did not intend to make comprehensive concessions to meet the requirements of Japan. Ultimately， Tanaka's diplomacy failed to achieve his given goals and the contradiction between Feng Xi and Japan got continuously intense.

Keyword Tanaka diplomacy; Manchu-Mongolia suspended cases; Zhang Zuolin; Zhang Xueliang; the September 18th Incident

1927年初，日本與奉系在路权、二五附加税、商租权、治外法权、《盛京时报》停售等问题上形成日本所谓的“满蒙悬案”。日本舆论将其悬而未决归咎于外相币原喜重郎，指责币原外交是“让步外交”，要求“更新”满蒙政策[1]2-3。4月17日，若槻礼次郎内阁辞职。20日，田中义一组阁，兼任外相。

针对“满蒙悬案”的现状及中国南北局势，田中义一于6月末到7月初召集东方会议。满蒙政策的调整是会议的重要议题，基本精神是将“满蒙”与“中国本土”区别对待。会议提出，“满蒙”与日本的“国防及国民的生活有重大利害关系”，日本“不得不负有特殊的责任”，一旦中国局势导致日本“在该地区之特殊地位和权益”受到“非法侵害”，日本“必要时可断然采取自卫措施”[2]34-38。可见，田中外交的基本特点就是“用积极手段维护日本在华权益的方针”，并且要“把满蒙从中国本土肢解出来”[3]1。……