张应华 洪勇

摘 要： 对于不断升级的中美贸易冲突会否陷入全面对抗的修昔底德陷阱成为国际社会关注的热点。知往鉴今，英美两国在二战期间通过非武力博弈最终实现世界权力和平转移的历史值得借鉴。综合实力早已世界第一的美国，国际权力和地位远不及英国。英国在经济大萧条时期形成的帝国特惠制成为美国构建国际自由主义经济秩序的主要障碍，两国为此一直僵持不下。二战的爆发打破了这种僵局，对英国却形成了极为不利的国际形势。面对咄咄逼人的德国军事攻势和危危可及的财政困境，英国只能向美国求援，凭借租借谈判美国从法律上确定了战后国际经济原则。同时两国在货币金融领域以怀特和凯恩斯两个计划为核心的博弈，可谓巅峰对决，美国的怀特计划大获全胜。最后，美国通过美英财政协定逼迫英国就范，签订了布雷顿森林协定，赢得了国际金融主导权和世界经济霸主地位。

关键词： 布雷顿森林协定；英美博弈；大国兴衰；美元霸权

中图分类号： F11 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1674-9448 （2020） 01-0070-11

A Historical Investigation and Enlightenment of British and American Game Based on the Dominant Power of International Finance During the Second World War

ZHANG Ying-Hua HONG Yong

（Jiu Jiang University Jiangxi Jiujiang ， 332000， China）

Abstract： It has become a hot topic whether the escalating trade conflict between China and the United States will fall into the Thucydides Trap of confrontation or even war in the international community. The history that Britain and the United States finally achieved the peaceful transfer of world power through the game of non-force during World WarⅡ is worth learning. The United States has long been the worlds first comprehensive strength， but international power and status far behind the United Kingdom. During the great depression， the two countries have been locked in a standoff over Britains imperial privileges that were a major obstacle to the United States building an international liberal economic order. The outbreak of Second World War was a godsend for the United States， but an extremely unfavorable international situation for Britain. Faced with Germanys aggressive military offensive and a precarious financial situation， Britain had to turn to the United States for assistance， which opened a gap for the United States to break up the British empire， and by means of lease negotiations， the United States legally established the postwar international economic principles. At the same time， the two countries in the monetary and financial field with white and Keynes as the core of the game， it can be described as a peak confrontation， the white plan of the United States won the overall. Finally， the United States forced the United Kingdom to comply through the US-UK fiscal agreement， signed the Bretton Woods Agreement， and won the international financial dominance and world economic hegemony.

Key words： the Bretton Woods Agreement， British and American game， the rise and fall of great powers， the dollar hegemony

一、引言

在世界歷史的长河中，崛起大国与守成大国之间的权力转移似乎总是逃不脱战争的宿命。当前的中美关系，在西方学者看来既面临着崛起大国和守成大国之间因权力争夺而引发战争的修昔底德陷阱，也面临着双方因能力和意愿因素相互推诿而未能有效提供国际公共产品致使世界陷入困境的金德尔伯格陷阱，似乎无论中国怎么做都是错的[1]。……