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浅析高中英语“动词不定式”用法

2018-11-26张静

校园英语·下旬 2018年9期
关键词:谓语宾语状语

动词不定式是高中学生英语学习的重点和难点,掌握好这一个重点,并突破这个难点,对于学生的高考很重要。因此,本文将从以下五个方面归纳且探究其用法。

一、动词不定式的定义

不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,由不定式符号to+动词原形构成。

二、不定式有以下几种形式

1. to do sth.(一般时)

2. to be doing sth.(进行时)

3. to have done(完成时)

4. to be done(被动式)

5. to have been done(完成被动)

6. not (never) to do sth.(否定式)

三、不定式的特点

1.没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能做谓语(由于它为非谓语动词),但是有时态和语态的变化。

2.仍保留有动词的特点,即可有自己的宾语和状语,和他们一起构成不定式短语。

3.具有名词、形容词和副词的特点。

4.在句子中可以作下成分:主、賓、表、宾补、定、状语。

四、不定式的具体用法

1.作主语,常用it做形式主语。To master a foreign language is necessary. → It is necessary to master a foreign language.

2.作宾语:

(1) vt.+to do sth.He decided to go to New York this summer vacation.以下这些动词常用这个结构:hope wish want; demand ask; agree promise; manage learn decide; refuse pretend choose

(2) vt.+(疑问词)+to do sth. I dont know what to do next.

(3) 如果作宾语的不定式太长,用it作形式宾语,而把不定式放在后面。I think it useful to learn English.

3.作表语, 说明主语的内容。在多数情况下,不定式作表语可换为作主语。The most important thing is to work hard. = To work hard is the most important thing.

4.作宾补, 放在宾语之后。

(1) vt. sb. to do sth.→advise, ask, expect, order, require, teach, want, forbid, drive, permit, tell, warn, request, allow, cause, command, direct(指示), force, invite, lead, prefer, wish,He advised me to take more exercise and drink enough water every day.

(2) 使役动词或感官动词+ sb. do sth. →make, let, have; hear; see, watch, notice, observe; feel

He made me take more exercise every day.

5.作定语:

(1) 置名词或代词之后;(2) 在时间上尚未发生;(3) 与所修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系:He is the last man to leave the classroom.(主谓关系)I have a lot of work to do.(动宾关系)

6.作状语:

(1) 表目的:in order to do sth. / so as to do sth. / to do sth.置句末时,其前无逗号, 置句首时不定式短语之后有逗号。注意:1)不定式或不定式短语表示的是主语的目的,所以不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。2)如果不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致,则需要用for sb. 来引出其逻辑主语,构成不定式的复合结构。He opened the door for the students to come in.3)目的状语从句与不定式的转换:当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,从句作状语可以转换成不定式作状语。so that 和in order that 引导目的状语从句时,常与情态动词can/could/may/might等连用。

(2)表原因:Im very glad / sorry to hear that.

(3)表结果:

1)熟悉 too + adj.+ to do sth 与so+ adj.+ that从句的转换。

△He is too young to go to school=He is so young that he cant go to school.

2) only to do sth出乎意料的结果。

△He hurried to the station, only to find the train had gone.

△He hurried to the airport only to be told that the tickets had been sold out.

五、不定式的其它用法及特点

1. 不定式在but之后的用法

He has nothing to do but listen to some light music.

He has no choice but to sleep.

I cant but admire her courage and bravery.

= I cant help but admire her courage and bravery.

= I cant choose but admire her courage and bravery.

2. 不定式在adj. (easy, hard, difficult……)之后用主动表被动。 These problems are not easy to solve.

3. 不定式的省略。

1)当重复to do sth. 时,用to替代。I wanted to ride in the street, but my father told me not to.

2)当重复to be sth. 时,用to be替代。 —Would you like to be my friend? —Yes, Id like to be.

3)当重复to have done sth. 时,用to have替代。 —Do you know he finished his work? Yes! He is said to have.

总之,所有学生要通过归纳和探究的方式去学习动词不定式的用法,并且通过大量的练习去巩固其用法,这样就可以轻松地掌握其用法和规律并应对高考。

【作者简介】张静,陕西省镇安中学。

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