四旋翼无人机自主避障系统的设计与实现
2018-11-13胡海兵汪国庆赖重远张结文
胡海兵 汪国庆 赖重远 张结文


摘 要: 针对自主导航过程的预先避障和飞行控制中预判与控制,该文利用超声波检测距离原理对体小质轻、低空低速的小型无人机导航控制系统的自主避障功能进行了研究。小型无人机将AHRS信息采集与避障飞行控制分开设计为两部分相对独立的系统。两片DSP 芯片分别实现姿态数据采集、处理和避障导航计算,有效降低了导航系统的计算复杂度,实时通信和数据处理更加流畅。飞行实验表明,无人机可以预判,及时规避障碍物和自主巡航,设计方案可靠稳定,可为民用小型无人机的设计与应用提供参考。
关键词: 无人机; 四旋翼; 自主导航; 避障; 定位; 超声波测距
中图分类号: TN752.6?34 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1004?373X(2018)22?0133?05
Abstract: In allusion to the obstacle pre?avoidance in the autonomous navigation process and the prejudgment and control in flight control, the autonomous obstacle avoidance function of the small?scale low?altitude and low?speed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation control system with small volume and light weight is studied by using the distance detection principle of the ultrasonic wave. In the small?scale UAV, the AHRS information acquisition and obstacle avoidance flight control are separately designed into two parts of relatively?independent systems. The two DSP chips are adopted to respectively realize attitude data acquisition and processing and navigation calculation of obstacle avoidance, so as to effectively reduce the computational complexity of the navigation system, and make the real?time communication and data processing more smooth. The results of the flight experiment show that the UAV can prejudge and avoid obstacles timely, and perform autonomous cruise; the design scheme is reliable and stable, which can provide a reference for design and application of the small?scale civil UAV.
Keywords: UAV; quadrotor; autonomous navigation; obstacle avoidance; positioning; ultrasonic distance measurement
0 引 言
近年来,自主导航无人机以其低廉的成本、无人员伤亡风险、机动性能好、使用方便等优势,在高危作业、灾害航拍、抢险布控、环境监测等领域得到了广泛的应用[1]。传统上,外形尺寸10~30 cm的小型无人机大多采用独立的单片机控制。这种方式数据处理能力不足,只能完成简单的控制任务。近些年,国内新技术的应用提高了无人机的导航性能,例如小型农用无人机导航控制系统采用数字信号处理器(DSP)实现了无人机的自主飞行导航控制[2]。张垚等采用内外环结构的PD控制算法,构造了无人机的位置与姿态跟踪控制器,实现了四旋翼无人机滚转角、俯仰角和水平纵向、横向位置共四个自由度的自动控制,飞行控制仿真实验效果明显[3]。……
