敦煌隋朝经变画艺术
2018-09-17赵声良
内容摘要:本文基于对隋朝敦煌壁画中经变画的全面调查,试图对隋朝经变画在表现技法的发展等方面进行阐释。隋朝的经变画从表现形式上分为四类,1.长卷式构图;2.单幅结构;3.对称构图;4.以说法场面为中心的中轴对称构图。其中第四类成为唐代以后最流行的构图形式。这一形式在隋朝的最终形成,源于六朝以来山水画、建筑画的发展而带来的空间表现技法的成就,而经变画的发展也推动了后來大画面经变中空间表现的日益成熟。
关键词:隋朝;敦煌;壁画;经变画;艺术
中图分类号:K879.21 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2018)03-0001-08
Abstract: Based on a comprehensive investigation of the sutra illustrations in the Tang dynasty wall paintings at Dunhuang, this paper studies and explains the developments in expressive technique these paintings show. These illustrations can be divided into four categories of composition: 1)long scrolls with multiple scenes; 2)single pictures; 3)symmetrical compositions; and 4)symmetrical compositions focused around a central preaching scene. The fourth among these became the most popular in the Tang dynasty. This type took shape during the Sui dynasty and originated from spatial painting techniques as a result of the development of landscape and building pictures from the Six Dynasties, which combined with concurrent developments in sutra illustration to advance the spatial depictions of large-scale sutra illustrations for ages to come.
Keywords: Sui dynasty; Dunhuang; mural; sutra illustration; art
(Translated by WANG Pingxian)
经变画是隋唐时代及以后佛教艺术中十分流行的主题。广义的经变是指依据佛经而创作的绘画或雕塑作品。狭义的经变,则是指综合表现一部佛经主要思想,且具有一定规模,主次分明,首尾完整,人物众多,场面宏大的绘画(或雕塑){1}。目前学术界多采用狭义经变的概念,这样就容易区别于佛经故事画和单独的尊像画等内容。从文献记载看,早在东晋时代已出现经变画了,《法显传》记载法显曾见过睒子变的画面。《历代名画记》载南朝画家袁倩曾画维摩诘经变{1}。现存的经变,炳灵寺第169窟有维摩诘经变,按此窟虽有建弘元年(420)题记,窟内壁画时代却不一定都相同,但大体应在此前后。南方的成都万佛寺出土的梁代造像中,也可看到弥勒经变与法华经变[1]。北齐响堂山石窟也可看到净土变的浮雕。到了唐代,经变画就非常普及了,不仅文献记载很多,而且现存的实物在各地均可看到。……
