APP下载

“已知、未知”的认知功能(二)

2018-09-08陈丽薪

校园英语·中旬 2018年8期
关键词:快速阅读

【摘要】本文从英语阅读中的信息输入探讨已知、未知的认知功能。

【关键词】已知、未知;快速阅读

【作者简介】陈丽薪(1985- ),女,汉族,云南曲靖人,英语语言文学硕士,云南大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业硕士2016级研究生,研究方向:应用语言学。

“已知、未知”的应用目前主要包括两方面:语篇分析和教学探讨。语篇分析有王洪磊、孙莉莉、张晓腾、唐韧等。其中,唐韧间接联系了已知、未知与人的认知结构,而其余都针对语篇理解。而教学探讨有冯克诚、严先元、奚定华、王金凤、龙娅、龚启荣等。其中,龙娅、龚启荣呈现了人的认知是从已知到未知,而其余更多关注学习需求本身。总体而言,语篇分析的探究将“已知、未知”局限于语言学领域,而教学的探讨主要着眼认知过程,未将“已知、未知”提炼成指导教或学的方法论。

事实上,已知、未知提供了高度概括的思维框架,即人的认知需要处理的信息有且只有两类,已知和未知。当以这样二元对立的简单视角处理信息输入,有助于提高人的认知效率。如英语阅读。以下试举一例:

We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas – legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. (亞历山大,1997:5)

划线第一部分包含三个子句,即These legends…,because…以及who...。其中,these legends,because they,who(people)因已在前文出现,即为已知,而are useful,can tell us something about migrations of people和lived long ago则为未知,因此也是关注焦点。而文后阅读理解前两题就针对未知部分的can tell us something about migrations of people:

1. In illiterate societies, story-telling is a way of (c. passing knowledge of the past from one generation to another)

2. It is extremely likely that ancient people (a. moved from one place to another)

再看第二个划线部分的句子。回看前文发现,这个句子主位和述位都是未知,而文后阅读理解也对此设了一题:

3. Anthropologists have been curious about (b. how the Polynesian islands came to be inhabited)

已知即已经知道的信息,未知则为新信息。以这个角度去看待阅读理解,可将阅读信息分为两类,已知和未知。而未知就是阅读的重点,即获取信息的重点,考察的重点。当以这样的视角阅读,读者不需拘泥字句,将语篇信息简单归类为已知、未知,关注未知,不仅避免流连于干扰性的难词、难句,节省阅读时间,且因摆脱行文束缚,更有助于把握主旨,得出要领。

参考文献:

[1]冯克诚.基本原理方法与文论选读下篇,2006.

[2]龙娅,龚启荣.制约关系的两个独立性是推理能从已知获取新知的逻辑根据[J].六盘水师范高等专科学校学报,2007,19(1):30-59.

[3]唐韧.英语信息结构和指称已知性、未知性:语法和非语法限定[J].宁波大学学报,2010,23(6):27-32.

[4]王洪磊,孙莉莉.连贯与已知——未知策略[J].长春师范学院学报,2004,23(3):95-97.

[5]王金凤.把机会让给学生 用已知认识未知,2013.

[6]奚定华.数学教育实践与研究[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2004.

[7]亚历山大,何其莘.新概念英语(4)[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.

[8]严先元.新课程:教师怎样上课[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2005.

[9]张晓腾.已知/未知策略与语篇理解[J].南方论刊,2008,8:74-75.

猜你喜欢

快速阅读
单元提示 整体教学
浅论英语快速阅读的教与学