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三峡库区典型流域农业面源氮素输出特征

2018-08-25刘方谊范先鹏夏颖黄敏张富林吴茂前

湖北农业科学 2018年10期

刘方谊 范先鹏 夏颖 黄敏 张富林 吴茂前

摘要:以三峡库区典型流域为研究单元,在自然降雨条件下,对流域出口设置的监测点进行连续取样观测。结果表明,2015年长坪流域在4-9月降雨量达703.1 mm,占全年降雨量的83.0%,径流量为686 354.4 m3,占全年径流量的78.8%,径流量与降雨量显著相关(r=0.056,P<0.01);在此期间的总氮输出负荷占全年的88.7%,是流域氮素流失的主要时期,径流为流域面源氮素输出的主要渠道及主要驱动力;总氮年平均浓度为2.0 mg/L,浓度峰值主要出现在7-9月;TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和PN的年输出负荷分别为9.0、6.6、0.4和1.9 kg/hm2;NO3--N是氮素流失的主要形态,占总氮输出负荷的73.7%。

关键词:三峡库区;面源污染;降雨径流;氮素流失

中图分类号:X832 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0439-8114(2018)10-0031-05

DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2018.10.008

Characteristics of Nitrogen Output from Agricultural Non-point Source in Typical Watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir Area

LIU Fang-yi1,2,FAN Xian-peng2,3,XIA Ying2,3,HUANG Min1,ZHANG Fu-lin2,3,WU Mao-qian2,3

(1.College of Resource and Environmental Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430070,China;

2.Institute of Plant Protection, Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan 430064,China;

3.Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control,Wuhan 430064,China)

Abstract: Taking the typical watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as the research unit,and the continuous sampling observation on the monitoring points of the watershed outlet set under the natural rainfall conditions were conducted. The results showed that in 2015,the Changping watershed rainfall in April-September reached 703.1 mm and the runoff amounting to 686 354.4 m3,accounting for 83.0% and 78.8% of the annual total respectively; And the runoff and rainfall were significantly correlated(r=0.056,P<0.01); During this period,the total nitrogen output load accounted for 88.7% of the whole year,which was the main period of nitrogen loss in the watershed, and the runoff was the main channel and driving force of the surface nitrogen export; The average annual total nitrogen concentration was 2.0 mg/L,the peak concentration mainly in July to September; The annual output loads of total nitrogen(TN),nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N),ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N) and particulate nitrogen(PN) were 9.0,6.6,0.4 and 1.9 kg/hm2,respectively. The main forms of nitrogen loss were nitrate nitrogen,accounting for 73.7% of the total nitrogen output load.

Key words: Three Gorges Reservoir Area; non-point source pollution; rainfall runoff; nitrogen loss

氮是農业生产活动中重要的养分[1],同时也是水体富营养化的主要限制因子[2],随着点源污染逐渐得到控制,面源污染已成为流域水体污染的主要来源[3,4];在滇池、太湖、香溪河等流域的污染物总氮输出负荷调查中,由面源污染产生的总氮负荷分别达到了44.5%、61.5%和61.0%[5-7],2007年中国农业面源总氮排放量达270.5万t,占总排放量的57.2%[8];面源污染氮素的排放已成为水体氮素污染的重要来源。

面源污染发生具有不确定性,径流量和污染物排放负荷与降雨量的非线性关系,土地利用模式和管理措施的快速变化,加剧了面源污染定量化研究的复杂性[9],使得关于面源污染的研究存在较大的困难。流域以水为纽带,是相对独立的自然综合体,是面源污染研究的最佳单元[10],目前从流域尺度研究面源氮素的流失是国内外的研究热点[11,12]。因此本研究在三峡库区选取一典型流域为研究单元,通过探究流域氮素随地表径流流失的动态变化过程,量化氮素污染物的输出负荷,识别重点污染源,以期为库区典型农业小流域非点源污染控制提供科学依据。……

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