运动员心智游移特点研究:来自静息态和任务态思维取样的证据
2018-01-22李洁玲田宝
李洁玲 田宝
摘 要:应用思维取样的方法分析运动员在静息态和任务态心智游移的特点。结果显示:运动员静息态元意识心智游移多于无元意识心智游移,内容多为场景,但是不具有时间指向性且大多与训练无关;当心智游移时间指向现在和将来时,与近期生活相关。复杂任务中的心智游移总频次与简单任务中的心智游移总频次差异没有统计学显著性意义;复杂任务中的无元意识心智游移频次显著多于简单任务中的无元意识心智游移频次。結果说明:运动员心智游移具有群体性特点;任务越复杂,运动员越不知道自己正在发生心智游移。
关 键 词:运动心理学;心智游移;思维取样;运动员
中图分类号:G804.8 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2018)06-0079-06
Abstract: By using the thought sampling method, the authors analyzed the characteristics of athlete mind wandering in resting and task states, and revealed the following findings: in a resting state, athlete mind wandering with meta-awareness is more often than mind wandering without meta-awareness, the contents are mostly scenes, but not provided with time directivity, and mostly irrelevant to training; when mind wandering time directs to now and future, mind wandering is relevant to recent life. The difference between the total frequency of mind wandering during a complicated task and the total frequency of mind wandering during a simple task is not statistically significant; the frequency of mind wandering without meta-awareness during a complicated task is significantly greater than the frequency of mind wandering without meta-awareness during a simple task. The said findings indicate the followings: athlete mind wandering is characterized with collectivity; the more complicated the task, the less the athlete knows that he/she is mind wandering.
Key words: sports psychology;mind wandering;thought sampling;athlete
在竞技体育中,运动员和教练员“走神”的现象时有发生。被认为史上最伟大球员之一的网球运动员费德勒就说过:“有时候,你会想到一首歌,有时候,会考虑明天的事情或者今晚的计划。所有这些事情都会发生。我们也是普通人,我们不是机器,我们不可能每时每刻都像机械战警一样”[1]。
“走神”在心理学中称为心智游移。按照心智游移是否有元意识参与,将心智游移分为元意识心智游移和无元意识心智游移。元意识心智游移是指个体已经知道自己发生了心智游移;无元意识心智游移是指直到有信号提醒才发现自己发生心智游移[2]。运动员心智游移是指“运动员在训练、比赛任务间隙的静息状态下或者任务中,非自主产生的而被内源性的心理表征所占据的,影响运动表现的思维形式”[3]。……
